-
1 active process control
Автоматика: активный контроль, контроль в процессе работыУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > active process control
-
2 active process control
активный контроль; контроль в процессе работыEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > active process control
-
3 active flutter control
English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > active flutter control
-
4 control
1) управление; регулирование || управлять; регулировать2) контроль || контролировать3) управляющее устройство; устройство управления; регулятор4) профессиональное мастерство, квалификация, техническая квалификация5) pl органы управления•"in control" — "в поле допуска" ( о результатах измерения)
to control closed loop — управлять в замкнутой системе; регулировать в замкнутой системе
- 2-handed controlsto control open loop — управлять в разомкнутой системе; регулировать в разомкнутой системе
- 32-bit CPU control
- acceptance control
- access control
- acknowledge control
- active process control
- adaptable control
- adaptive constraint control
- adaptive control for optimization
- adaptive control
- adaptive feed rate control
- adaptive quality control
- adjustable feed control
- adjustable rotary control
- adjustable speed control
- adjusting control
- adjustment control
- AI control
- air logic control
- analog data distribution and control
- analogical control
- analytical control
- application control
- arrows-on-curves control
- autodepth control
- autofeed control
- automated control of a document management system
- automated technical control
- automatic backlash control
- automatic control
- automatic editing control
- automatic gain control
- automatic gripper control
- automatic level control
- automatic process closed loop control
- automatic remote control
- automatic sensitivity control
- automatic sequence control
- automatic speed control
- automatic stability controls
- auxiliaries control
- balanced controls
- band width control
- bang-bang control
- bang-bang-off control
- basic CNC control
- batch control
- bibliographic control
- bin level control
- boost control
- built-in control
- button control
- cam control
- cam throttle control
- camshaft control
- carriage control
- Cartesian path control
- Cartesian space control
- cascade control
- C-axis spindle control
- cell control
- center control
- central control
- central supervisory control
- centralized control
- centralized electronic control
- central-station control
- changeover control
- chip control
- circumferential register control
- close control
- closed cycle control
- closed loop control
- closed loop machine control
- closed loop manual control
- closed loop numerical control
- closed loop position control
- clutch control
- CNC control
- CNC indexer control
- CNC programmable control
- CNC symbolic conversational control
- CNC/CRT control
- CNC/MDI control
- coarse control
- coded current control
- coded current remote control
- color control
- combination control
- command-line control
- compensatory control
- composition control
- compound control
- computed-current control
- computed-torque control
- computer control
- computer numerical control
- computer process control
- computer-aided measurement and control
- computer-integrated manufacturing control
- computerized control
- computerized numerical control
- computerized process control
- constant surface speed control
- constant value control
- contactless control
- contact-sensing control
- contamination control
- continuous control
- continuous path control
- continuous process control
- contour profile control
- contouring control
- conventional hardware control
- conventional numerical control
- conventional tape control
- convergent control
- conversational control
- conversational MDI control
- coordinate positioning control
- coordinate programmable control
- copymill control
- counter control
- crossed controls
- current control
- cycle control
- dash control
- data link control
- data storage control
- deadman's handle controls
- depth control
- derivative control
- dial-in control
- differential control
- differential gaging control
- differential gain control
- differential temperature control
- digital brushless servo control
- digital control
- digital position control
- digital readout controls
- dimensional control
- direct computer control
- direct control
- direct digital control
- direct numerical control
- direction control
- directional control
- dirt control
- discontinuous control
- discrete control
- discrete event control
- discrete logic controls
- dispatching control
- displacement control
- distance control
- distant control
- distributed control
- distributed numerical control
- distributed zone control
- distribution control
- dog control
- drum control
- dual control
- dual-mode control
- duplex control
- dust control
- dynamic control
- eccentric control
- edge position control
- EDP control
- electrical control
- electrofluidic control
- electromagnetic control
- electronic control
- electronic level control
- electronic speed control
- electronic swivel control
- elevating control
- emergency control
- end-point control
- engineering change control
- engineering control
- entity control
- environmental control
- error control
- error plus error-rate control
- error-free control
- external beam control
- factory-floor control
- false control
- feed control
- feed drive controls
- feedback control
- feed-forward control
- field control
- fine control
- finger-tip control
- firm-wired numerical control
- fixed control
- fixed-feature control
- fixture-and-tool control
- flexible-body control
- floating control
- flow control
- fluid flow control
- follow-up control
- foot pedal control
- force adaptive control
- forecasting compensatory control
- fork control
- four quadrant control
- freely programmable CNC control
- frequency control
- FROG control
- full computer control
- full order control
- full spindle control
- gage measurement control
- gain control
- ganged control
- gap control
- gear control
- generative numerical control
- generic path control
- geometric adaptive control
- graphic numerical control
- group control
- grouped control
- guidance control
- hairbreath control
- hand control
- hand feed control
- hand wheel control
- hand-held controls
- handle-type control
- hand-operated controls
- hardened computer control
- hardwared control
- hardwared numerical control
- heating control
- heterarchical control
- hierarchical control
- high-integrity control
- high-level robot control
- high-low control
- high-low level control
- high-technology control
- horizontal directional control
- humidity control
- hybrid control
- hydraulic control
- I/O control
- immediate postprocess control
- inching control
- in-cycle control
- independent control
- indexer control
- indirect control
- individual control
- industrial processing control
- industrial-style controls
- infinite control
- infinite speed control
- in-process control
- in-process size control
- in-process size diameters control
- input/output control
- integral CNC control
- integral control
- integrated control
- intelligent control
- interacting control
- interconnected controls
- interlinking control
- inventory control
- job control
- jogging control
- joint control
- joystick control
- just-in-time control
- language-based control
- laser health hazards control
- latching control
- lead control
- learning control
- lever control
- lever-operated control
- line motion control
- linear control
- linear path control
- linearity control
- load control
- load-frequency control
- local control
- local-area control
- logic control
- lubricating oil level control
- machine control
- machine programming control
- machine shop control
- macro control
- magnetic control
- magnetic tape control
- main computer control
- malfunction control
- management control
- manual control
- manual data input control
- manual stop control
- manually actuatable controls
- manufacturing change control
- manufacturing control
- master control
- material flow control
- MDI control
- measured response control
- mechanical control
- memory NC control
- memory-type control
- metering control
- metrological control of production field
- microbased control
- microcomputer CNC control
- microcomputer numerical control
- microcomputer-based sequence control
- microprocessor control
- microprocessor numerical control
- microprogrammed control
- microprogramming control
- milling control
- model reference adaptive control
- model-based control
- moisture control
- motion control
- motor control
- motor speed control
- mouse-driven control
- movable control
- multicircuit control
- multidiameter control
- multilevel control
- multimachine tool control
- multiple control
- multiple-processor control
- multiposition control
- multistep control
- multivariable control
- narrow-band proportional control
- navigation control
- NC control
- neural network adaptive control
- noise control
- noncorresponding control
- noninteracting control
- noninterfacing control
- nonreversable control
- nonsimultaneous control
- numerical contouring control
- numerical control
- numerical program control
- odd control
- off-line control
- oligarchical control
- on-board control
- one-axis point-to-point control
- one-dimensional point-to-point control
- on-line control
- on-off control
- open loop control
- open loop manual control
- open loop numerical control
- open-architecture control
- operating control
- operational control
- operator control
- optical pattern tracing control
- optimal control
- optimalizing control
- optimizing control
- oral numerical control
- organoleptic control
- overall control
- overheat control
- override control
- p. b. control
- palm control
- parameter adaptive control
- parameter adjustment control
- partial d.o.f. control
- path control
- pattern control
- pattern tracing control
- PC control
- PC-based control
- peg board control
- pendant control
- pendant-actuated control
- pendant-mounted control
- performance control
- photoelectric control
- physical alignment control
- PIC control
- PID control
- plugboard control
- plug-in control
- pneumatic control
- point-to-point control
- pose-to-pose control
- position/contouring numerical control
- position/force control
- positional control
- positioning control
- positive control
- postprocess quality control
- power adaptive control
- power control
- power feed control
- power-assisted control
- powered control
- power-operated control
- precision control
- predictor control
- preselective control
- preset control
- presetting control
- pressbutton control
- pressure control
- preview control
- process control
- process quality control
- production activity control
- production control
- production result control
- programmable adaptive control
- programmable cam control
- programmable control
- programmable logic adaptive control
- programmable logic control
- programmable machine control
- programmable microprocessor control
- programmable numerical control
- programmable sequence control
- proportional plus derivative control
- proportional plus floating control
- proportional plus integral control
- prototype control
- pulse control
- pulse duration control
- punched-tape control
- purpose-built control
- pushbutton control
- quality control
- radio remote control
- radium control
- rail-elevating control
- ram stroke control
- ram-positioning control
- rapid-traverse controls for the heads
- rate control
- ratio control
- reactive control
- real-time control
- reduced-order control
- register control
- registration control
- relay control
- relay-contactor control
- remote control
- remote program control
- remote switching control
- remote valve control
- remote-dispatch control
- resistance control
- resolved motion rate control
- retarded control
- reversal control
- revolution control
- rigid-body control
- robot control
- robot perimeter control
- robot teach control
- rod control
- safety control
- sampled-data control
- sampling control
- schedule control
- SCR's control
- second derivative control
- selective control
- selectivity control
- self-acting control
- self-adaptive control
- self-adjusting control
- self-aligning control
- self-operated control
- self-optimizing control
- self-programming microprocessor control
- semi-automatic control
- sensitivity control
- sensor-based control
- sequence control
- sequence-type control
- sequential control
- series-parallel control
- servo control
- servo speed control
- servomotor control
- servo-operated control
- set value control
- shaft speed control
- shape control
- shift control
- shop control
- shower and high-pressure oil temperature control
- shut off control
- sight control
- sign control
- single variable control
- single-flank control
- single-lever control
- size control
- slide control
- smooth control
- software-based NC control
- softwared numerical control
- solid-state logic control
- space-follow-up control
- speed control
- stabilizing control
- stable control
- standalone control
- start controls
- static control
- station control
- statistical quality control
- steering control
- step-by-step control
- stepless control
- stepped control
- stick control
- stock control
- stop controls
- stop-point control
- storage assignment control
- straight cut control
- straight line control
- stroke control
- stroke length control
- supervisor production control
- supervisory control
- swarf control
- switch control
- symbolic control
- synchronous data link control
- table control
- tap-depth controls
- tape control
- tape loop control
- teach controls
- temperature control
- temperature-humidity air control
- template control
- tension control
- test control
- thermal control
- thermostatic control
- three-axis contouring control
- three-axis point-to-point control
- three-axis tape control
- three-mode control
- three-position control
- throttle control
- thumbwheel control
- time control
- time cycle control
- time optimal control
- time variable control
- time-critical control
- time-proportional control
- timing control
- token-passing access control
- tool life control
- tool run-time control
- torque control
- total quality control
- touch-panel NC control
- touch-screen control
- tracer control
- tracer numerical control
- trajectory control
- triac control
- trip-dog control
- TRS/rate control
- tuning control
- turnstile control
- two-axis contouring control
- two-axis point-to-point control
- two-dimension control
- two-hand controls
- two-position control
- two-position differential gap control
- two-step control
- undamped control
- user-adjustable override controls
- user-programmable NC control
- variable flow control
- variable speed control
- variety control
- varying voltage control
- velocity-based look-ahead control
- vise control
- vision responsive control
- visual control
- vocabulary control
- vocal CNC control
- vocal numerical control
- voltage control
- warehouse control
- washdown control
- water-supply control
- welding control
- wheel control
- wide-band control
- zero set control
- zoned track controlEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > control
-
5 control
1) управление2) регулировка3) контроль•- active sound control
- adaptive picture control
- adaptive sound control
- amplified automatic gain control
- astatic control
- asynchronous control
- attenuator control
- audio-fidelity control
- audio-volume control
- automatic background control
- automatic balance control
- automatic bias control
- automatic brightness control
- automatic chroma control
- automatic chrominance control
- automatic coding control
- automatic color control
- automatic contrast control
- automatic fine tuning control
- automatic frequency control
- automatic gain control
- automatic light control
- automatic modulation control
- automatic overload control
- automatic phase control
- automatic picture control
- automatic power control
- automatic radio station control
- automatic selectivity control
- automatic sensitivity control
- automatic tint control
- automatic volume control
- axle orientation control
- background control
- balance control
- bass control
- black level control
- blue-gain control
- brightness control
- brilliance control
- built-in control
- calls flow control
- camera control
- capstan speed control
- carrier-current control
- centralized control
- chroma control
- chromacity control
- chrominance-gain control
- closed-loop control
- coarse control
- code control
- code-access control
- combined control
- command control
- common control
- communication control
- communications control
- computerized control
- continuity control
- contrast control
- convergence control
- cylinder phase control
- cylinder speed control
- data flow control
- data-link control
- data-recording control
- data-source control
- data-station control
- decentralized control
- delayed automatic gain control
- differential-gain control
- digital automatic gain control
- digital remote control
- direct control
- direct digital control
- direct numerical control
- discrete control
- distance control
- distributed control
- distribution control
- dual control
- dynamic resource control
- echo duration control
- echo return control
- echo tone control
- electronic control
- error control
- external control
- feedback control
- feedforward control
- fine tuning control
- flow control
- focusing control
- format control
- forwarding-execution control
- framing control
- frequency control
- frequency response control
- full logic control
- gain-sensitivity control
- green-gain control
- hardware control
- high-level data link control
- horizontal convergence control
- horizontal parabola control
- hue control
- incoming control
- indicator control
- indirect control
- input/output traffic control
- integrated control
- intensity control
- interference control
- internetwork control
- iris control
- isorhythmic channel access control
- job-processing control
- keyboard control
- keychain remote control
- line-load control
- logical-link control
- long-range control
- loudness control
- low-voltage control
- mail box containing control
- manual control
- master control
- MD/CD changer control
- medium access control
- middle control
- modulation depth control
- multibrand remote control
- mute control
- net control
- noiseless control
- noninteracting control
- nonreversible control
- on-line control
- open-loop control
- phase control
- phase-shift control
- photoelectric control
- photoelectric lighting control
- photoelectric smoke density control
- physical medium control
- point-to-point control
- preventive control
- process control
- programmable remote control
- progressive control
- purity control
- radio control
- reactive control
- Rec Balance control
- Rec Level control
- receiving termination control
- recording balance control
- red-gain control
- relay control
- remote control
- rheostatic control
- ringing control
- saturation control
- selectivity control
- sensor-based control
- separate control
- servo control
- sidetone control
- simple automatic gain control
- single button control
- SMART controls
- snap-acting control
- snap-action automatic gain control
- soft automatic control
- squelch control
- stage control
- static control
- steering wheel-mounted remote control
- step-by-step control
- subscriber's data control
- switching control
- synchronous data link control
- synchronous line control
- tapped control
- temperature control
- thermal electrostatic control
- time-transit automatic gain control
- time-varied gain control
- tone control
- touch-sensitive control
- transmitter gain control
- treble control
- tuning control
- two-mode control
- video operation control
- video-gain control
- voice control
- voice signal quality control
- volume control
- white balance control
- white-level control
- wire break controlEnglish-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > control
-
6 control
управление; регулирование; контроль; орган [рычаг] управления; руль; pl. система управления или регулирования; управлять; регулироватьback seat flight control — управление ЛА из задней кабины [с места заднего лётчика]; pl. дублирующие органы управления в задней кабине
be out of control — терять управление [управляемость]; выходить из-под управления [контроля]
continuously variable thrust control — плавное [бесступенчатое] регулирование тяги
control c.g. control — регулирование центровки (ЛА)
control of missile attitude — стабилизация ракеты; управление пространственным положением ракеты
control of the air — превосходство или господство в воздухе; превосходство в области авиации [в авиационной технике]; контроль воздушного пространства
control of the yoke — разг. управление штурвалом
control of thrust orientation — управление ориентированием [направлением вектора] тяги
flight deck lighting controls — органы управления [ручки регулировки] освещением кабины экипажа
fling the controls over — перебрасывать органы управления (в противоположную сторону),
flow control with altitude compensation — регулятор расхода [подачи] с высотным корректором
fuel dump valve control — кран [рычаг крана] аварийного слива топлива
gas jet attitude control — управление пространственным положением с помощью системы газоструйных рулей
go out of control — терять управление, выходить из-под управления [контроля]
ground rollout rudder steering control — управление пробегом [на пробеге] с помощью руля направления
interconnected fuel and propeller controls — объединённая система регулирования подачи топлива и шага винта
jet tab thrust vector control — управление вектором тяги с помощью газовых рулей; дефлекторное управление вектором тяги
jet(-deflection, -direction) control — реактивное [струйное] управление; управление изменением направления тяги; струйный руль
manual mixture shut-off control — рычаг отсечки подачи горючей смеси, рычаг останова [выключения] двигателя
maximum boundary layer control — управление пограничным слоем при наибольшей эффективности [производительности, интенсивности работы] системы
recover the control — восстанавливать управление [управляемость]
respond to the controls — реагировать [отвечать] на отклонение рулей [органов управления]
space shuttle orbiter control — управление орбитальной ступенью челночного воздушно-космического аппарата
throttle and collective pitch control — верт. рычаг «шаг — газ»
-
7 concurrent object: An autonomous object that has its own thread of control. Also referred to as an active object, process, task, thread, concurrent process, or concurrent task
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > concurrent object: An autonomous object that has its own thread of control. Also referred to as an active object, process, task, thread, concurrent process, or concurrent task
-
8 system
1) система2) установка; устройство•- 2D design system
- 2-D draughting system
- 2D milling CAM system
- 3 nonsimultaneous axes control system
- 3D CAD system
- 3D design system
- 3D milling CAM system
- 3-D surface-modeling system
- 3-D system
- abrasive waterjet cutting system
- absolute control system
- absolute dimension measuring system
- accident-protection system
- accountancy system
- accounting data system
- ACO system
- acoustic feedback control system
- acquisition system
- active enclosure system
- adaptable system
- adaptive CNC system
- adaptive control constraint system
- adaptive control system
- adaptive pulsing system
- adaptive robot system
- add-on NC programming system
- administrative information data system
- administrative information system
- ADR system
- advanced command data system
- advanced data analysis system
- advanced data display system
- advanced display system
- advanced integrated data system
- advanced interactive debugging system
- advanced management information system
- advisory system
- AGV system
- air flotation system
- air-bearing system
- air-cooling system
- air-delivery system
- air-gaging system
- airlock system
- air-oil mist lubrication system
- air-plasma arc-profiling system
- air-purge system
- alarm system
- all-enveloping guard system
- analog computing system
- analog recording system
- angstrom-positioning system
- antideflection system
- antilock brake system
- antisag system
- application-specific system
- APT generating expert system
- Archimedes system
- array system
- AS/RS system
- assembly management system
- assembly system
- attitude display system
- autolube system
- automated communications and messages processing system
- automated design and optimization of control system
- automated design system
- automated digital design system
- automated industrial management system
- automated information data system
- automated information dissemination system
- automated information retrieval system
- automated inventory distribution system
- automated machining system
- automated management information system
- automated management system
- automated measuring system
- automated parts input-output system
- automated reliability and maintenance management system
- automated storage control system
- automatic alignment-and-centering system
- automatic call distribution system
- automatic CAM system
- automatic chuck-changing system
- automatic data acquisition system
- automatic data distribution system
- automatic data system
- automatic diagnostic-and-recovery system
- automatic display plotting system
- automatic distributive numerical control system
- automatic fixturing system
- automatic gaging-and-compensating system
- automatic measurement-and-compensation system
- automatic message accounting system
- automatic message distribution system
- automatic pallet storage/retrieval system
- automatic program transfer system
- automatic record evaluation system
- automatic telemetry system
- automatic test analysis system
- automatic test system
- automatic testing, evaluating and reporting system
- automatic tool cassette changer system
- automatic tool retraction system
- automatic tool retraction/correction/reentry system
- automatic tool wear/tool broken sensing system
- automatically taught system
- automation system
- autonomous system
- autopatch system
- AWS system
- axis drive system
- axis motor system
- axis-stopping system
- backlash-free friction system
- back-to-back system
- balance system
- balanced system of forces
- balanced system
- bar feed system
- bar pulling system
- bar pusher system
- barring coding system
- base coordinate system
- base data system
- base file system
- base operating information system
- basic disk operating system
- basic hole system
- basic input/output system
- basic NC system
- basic programming system
- basic shaft system
- batching system
- batch-machining system
- battery system
- BCC management information system
- beam delivery system
- belt turnover system
- belt twist system
- binary system
- binary vision system
- biped robotic system
- block-tool system
- block-type tool change system
- bonded stores system
- boring system
- bought-in control system
- brake system
- branch information system
- breakaway system
- breathing system
- broad system of ordering
- BTA deep-hole-drilling system
- BTA-style deep-hole-drilling system
- bug-free system
- building block system
- bulk system
- business information system
- buy-and-plug-in system
- C/C system
- cable and hose carrying system
- CAD access system
- CAD system
- CAD/CAM system
- CAD/CAM/CAE and product data management system
- CAD/CAM/CAE system
- CAD/CAPP/CAM system
- CADAR system
- CAD-integrating system
- CAD-only system
- CAE system
- CAE/CAD/CAM system
- CAG system
- CAM system
- cam-and-lever system
- capacitance-based measuring system
- CAPP system
- capture system
- carrierband system
- cart/pallet transfer system
- Cartesian coordinate system
- cassette jaw-change system
- cell control system
- cell management system
- cell-type system
- cellular manufacturing system
- central analog data distributing and controlling system
- central automatic message accounting system
- central storage system
- centralized control system
- centralized coolant and extractor system
- centralized swarf conveying system
- centralized swarf removal system
- chain conveyor system
- check system
- checking system
- checkout system
- chiller system
- chip conveyor system
- chip guard system
- chip-evacuation system
- chuck/chuck jaw changing system
- chucking system
- chuck-jaw system
- chuck-loading system
- CIM system
- circular monitoring system
- circular part-processing system
- circulating lubrication system
- circulating oil system
- circulation system
- clamping system
- closed cooling system
- closed loop control system
- closed loop machine control system
- closed loop size control system
- closed loop system
- closed-proprietary system
- CM system
- CNC hardware system
- CNC machine tool system
- CNC programming system
- CNC system
- CNC transfer system
- CNC-ACC system
- CNC-control system
- coherent system of units
- collecting system
- collet pad top jaw system
- combined cooling system
- combined production system
- command-line NC system
- commercial vision system
- communication system
- companion system
- comprehensive power measurement system
- computer analysis and design system
- computer automation real-time operating system
- computer data communication system
- computer NC system
- computer system
- computer vision system
- computer-aided design support system
- computer-aided dispatch system
- computer-aided gaging system
- computer-aided programming system
- computer-aided telemetry system
- computer-aided test system
- computer-assisted command system
- computer-assisted message processing system
- computer-assisted microfilm retrieval system
- computer-assisted operation sequence planning system
- computer-automated machine-tool system
- computer-automated test system
- computer-based management system
- computer-based message system
- computer-controlled materials-handling system
- computer-controlled system
- computer-coordinated measuring system
- computer-directed swing-arm tool-changing system
- computer-driven control system
- computer-hosted manufacturing system
- computer-integrated manufacturing system
- computer-integrated system
- computerized information retrieval system
- computerized machine control system
- computerized manufacturing system
- computerized numerical control system
- computerized production control system
- computerized shopfloor data collection system
- computer-oriented production management system
- computer-oriented system
- computing system
- concurrent force system
- conductor system
- conservative system
- constant delivery system
- constant volume system
- constant-contact scanning system
- constraint satisfaction system
- continuous feedback control system
- continuous flow system
- continuous-path CNC system
- continuous-path control system
- contouring control system
- contouring system
- controlled path system
- controlling system
- conventional ACC system
- conversational analysis and drafting system
- conveying system
- conveyor system
- conveyoring system
- conveyorized work-handling system
- coolant clarification system
- coolant laundering system
- coolant mist system
- coolant recirculating system
- coolant recovery system
- coolant recycling system
- coolant supply system
- coolant-circulating system
- coolant-thru-body system
- cooling system
- coordinate drive system
- coordinate system
- coprocessor board system
- copymill control system
- corporate information and office system
- coupling system
- CPS system
- CRT control system
- CRT system
- customer-oriented system
- customized FMS control system
- cut-piece transfer system
- cycloidal tooth system
- data base management system
- data communication system
- data control system
- data input management system
- data management system
- data origination system
- data processing system
- data retrieval system
- data transfer system
- datum system for geometrical tolerancing
- datum system
- DDM system
- decentralized DNC system
- decision enabling system
- decision support system
- dedicated production system
- deep-hole-drilling system
- defect-free machining system
- delivery system
- demand pull flexible system
- demand push flexible system
- departmental management system
- descaling system
- design coordinate system
- design support system
- design-automation system
- design-for-manufacturing system
- design-with-feature system
- desk-top publishing system
- deterministic system
- dexel-based system
- diagnostic communication control system
- diagnostic computer control system
- dialog system
- diamond-lapping system
- digital readout system
- digitizing system
- digitizing/data capture system
- dimensional verification system
- direct impingement starting system
- direct lubrication system
- direct NC system
- discrete-continuous system
- dispatcher system
- distributed computer system
- distributed mass-spring system
- distributed microprocessor system
- distributed processing system
- distributed quality system
- distributed system
- distributive numerical control system
- DNC flexible machining system
- DNC machine control system
- DNC machine tool control system
- DNC system
- DNC/FM system
- document processing system
- document retrieval system
- document search system
- domain-expert system
- Doppler system
- DOS CAM system
- double tube system
- dowel pin system
- DRO system
- drop-feed-lubrication system
- DTP system
- dual laser optical system
- dual laser referencing system
- dual system
- dual-beam LDDM system
- dual-pallet shuttle system
- dual-shaft electric propulsion system
- dynamic beam focusing laser system
- dynamic data system
- dynamic mapping system
- early warning system
- eddy current damper system
- edge-sensing system
- edge-type positioning system
- eight-station pallet system
- electrical contact tracing system
- electrofluidic control system
- emergency protection system
- enclosure system
- encoder checking system
- endpoint locating system
- energy-adaptive system
- energy-saving drive system
- engine starting system
- entry-level NC system
- environmental control system
- equivalent rigid link system
- equivalent systems of forces
- ESD system
- estimating system
- example-driven system
- expert control system
- expert process planning system
- expert system
- external box system
- extractor system
- fact retrieval system
- factory automation system
- fault detection system
- fault-signal system
- FBG system
- feasibility routing system
- feature-based CAM system
- feature-based system
- feed system
- feedback control system
- feedback gaging system
- feedback position control system
- feedback system
- feed-drive system
- feedforward compensatory control system
- feed-only AC system
- feed-overriding system
- FFS system
- file control system
- finite capacity scheduling system
- fixed coordinate system
- fixed-feature NC system
- fixed-rail system
- fixture design system
- fixture system
- fixturing system
- flanged pipe system
- flexible assembly system
- flexible automated manufacturing system
- flexible automation system
- flexible computer-controlled robotic system
- flexible fabricating system
- flexible fixturing system
- flexible handling system
- flexible laser optical system
- flexible laser system
- flexible lathe system
- flexible machine system
- flexible machining center system
- flexible machining system
- flexible manufacturing system
- flexible NC system
- flexible press system
- flexible tooling system
- flexible transfer system
- flexible turning system
- flood coolant system
- flow-line production system
- flow-type manufacturing system
- fluid management system
- fluid power system
- flush-type cooling system
- fly system
- FMS operating system
- FMS/CAD/CAM system
- FMS-type production system
- force measurement system
- force sensory system
- force system
- force-sensing system
- forecasting system
- four-station pallet system
- four-tier quality system
- FROG navigation system
- FROG system
- full-blown system
- fully specified system
- gage system
- gaging computer system
- gaging-and-compensating system
- gantry loading system
- gantry-based turning system
- gantry-style motion system
- gas-turbine starting system
- gating system
- gear roller system
- gear system
- gear testing system
- general information retrieval system
- generative planning system
- generic control system
- generic messaging system
- generic system
- glass fiber system
- glazing system
- goal-seeking system
- graphic numerical control system
- graphic processing system
- graphics system
- graphics-oriented system
- grating measuring system
- gravity oil system
- gray scale imaging system
- grinder vision system
- group control system
- guarding system
- guidance system
- guiding system
- handling system
- handwriting-input system
- hard-automated system
- hardware NC system
- hardware support system
- head change system
- head changer system
- head-changing flexible manufacturing system
- help system
- hierarchical coding system
- hierarchical control system
- hierarchical information control system
- high-noise-immunity system
- high-rise system
- high-speed positioning system
- high-speed-processor control system
- high-volume system
- Hirth gear-tooth system
- holding system
- holding tool system
- hole system
- holonomic system
- host computer-assisted programming system
- host distributive numerical control system
- hybrid computing system
- hydraulic oil system
- hydraulic system
- hydraulic-circuit system
- hypertext system
- ID system
- IDNC system
- illumination system
- image detection system
- image processing system
- imaging system
- IMC system
- immersion-washing system
- inconsistent system of equations
- incremental measuring system
- index system
- indirect lubrication system
- individual lubrication system
- inductive telemetry system
- inductively guided cart system
- industrial vision system
- in-feed system
- inference system
- in-floor chip-disposal system
- information infrastructure system
- information logical system
- information processing system
- information storage and retrieval system
- information system
- information-gathering system
- information-management system
- information-sharing system
- infrared imaging system
- infrared system
- in-house minicomputer system
- in-house system
- inlet control system
- in-process gaging system
- in-process sensing system
- in-process storage system
- insert-selection system
- instrumentation system
- insulating system
- integral movement monitoring system
- integrated CAD/CAPP/CAM system
- integrated CAM system
- integrated circuit numerical control system
- integrated computer system
- integrated information system
- integrated machine system
- integrated machining system
- integrated manufacturing and assembly system
- integrated manufacturing system
- integrated NC machine system
- integrated production system
- integrated sensor system
- intelligent control system
- interactive control system
- interactive graphics processing system
- interactive manufacturing control system
- interconnection system
- interdepartmental communication system
- interferometer measuring system
- interlocking system
- interrupt-driven system
- inventory-management system
- involute tooth system
- IR fault-signal system
- IR system
- ISO system of limits and tolerances
- isolated word recognition system
- jig boring measuring system
- job shop-type flexible system
- joint-actuation system
- just-in-time production system
- kanban pull system
- kinetic control system
- kitting system
- knowledge base management system
- knowledge system
- knowledge-based information system
- knowledge-based system
- krypton laser system
- labeling system
- labor-intensive system
- language-based NC system
- laser beam orientation system
- laser beam positioning system
- laser calibration system
- laser combination energy system
- laser digitizing system
- laser driving system
- laser full automated system
- laser inspection system
- laser interferometer measuring system
- laser machining system
- laser metalworking system
- laser micrometer system
- laser monitoring system
- laser mount system
- laser optical transformation system
- laser pulse power system
- laser pump system
- laser referencing system
- laser thread measurement system
- laser transducer system
- laser-cutting system
- laser-gaging system
- layered control system
- LDDM system
- lead screw drive system
- learning system
- library reference system
- library system
- light guide system
- light recognition system
- line motion control system
- line motion system
- line path system
- linear index system
- linear system of constant coefficients
- linear time invariant system
- linear time-varying system
- linear-encoder-equipped system
- LMFC system
- load/unload system
- loading robot system
- load-monitoring system
- local communications system
- logistics system
- look-up table system
- low-loss optical system
- low-volume lubricant delivery system
- lube system
- lubrication system with continuous delivery
- lubrication system with cyclic delivery
- lubrication system with performance control
- lubrication system without performance control
- lubrication system
- M system
- machine control system
- machine coordinate system
- machine health-monitoring system
- machine management system
- machine surveillance system
- machine tool capability-conditioning system
- machine tool system
- machine vision system
- machine/control system
- machine/tool/workpiece system
- machine-flexible system
- machine-zero reference system
- machining-cell system
- magnetic control system
- magnetic shaft suspension system
- main control system
- maintenance tracking system
- make-up system
- management control system
- management information system
- management system
- management-and-manufacturing system
- managerial reporting system
- man-computer system
- man-machine system
- man-plus-machine system
- manual data input system
- manual programming system
- manufacturing execution system
- manufacturing optimization system
- manufacturing software system
- manufacturing system
- many-degrees-of-freedom system
- many-variable system
- mass-elastic system
- master manufacturing control system
- master-slave control system
- material flow system
- material movement system
- material storage system
- materials-handling control system
- materials-handling system
- matrix array system
- matrix-type system
- MDI contouring control system
- MDI control system
- MDI NC system
- mean line system
- measurement/inspection system
- measuring coordinate system
- measuring system
- measuring/compensation system
- mechanical interface coordinate system
- memory NC system
- memory system
- menu drive system
- menu system
- menu-driven programming system
- metalforming production system with robots
- metalworking laser system
- metamorphic system
- metareasoning system
- metering system
- metrology system
- MIC system
- micro CAD/CAM programming system
- microadjustment system
- microchip-managed control system
- microdispensing system
- microintegrated system
- microload system
- micropackaged distributed system
- microprocessor based system
- microprocessor CNC system
- microprocessor system
- microprocessor-development system
- microstep control system
- microwave drill detection system
- milling CAM system
- milling system
- minicomputer-based numerical control system
- minicomputer-based system
- minicomputer-based test system
- miniload automated storage and retrieval system
- miniload system
- minimal constraint system
- minimum phase shift system
- mist-cooling system
- mixed forging-machining system
- mobility system
- model reference adaptive system
- moderately sized manufacturing system
- modular clamping system
- modular component tooling system
- modular fixture system
- modular holding system
- modular system
- modular tooling system
- modular work holding system
- monitoring system
- monorail material handling system
- motor position sensing system
- mounting system
- MPM system
- MRC system
- MRP system
- MS-DOS system
- multiaxis laser system
- multimachine system
- multimedia system
- multinetwork system
- multipallet system
- multiple computer system
- multiple laser technology system
- multiple pallet changer system
- multiple pallet handling system
- multiple parts feeding system
- multiple sensory system
- multiple spindle head handling-and-changing system
- multiple system of indexing
- multiple-gun spraying system
- multipoint lubrication system
- multipoint network control system
- multiprocessing system
- multiprocessor NC system
- multiprocessor system
- multiproduct manufacturing system
- multiprofile tool system
- multiprogramming system
- multirobot system
- multisensor system
- multiserver queueing system
- multistage system
- multitasking control system
- multiterminal system
- multiuser system
- multivendor information system
- multiwindowing software system
- Nagare system
- narrowly defined expert system
- national information system
- navigation system
- NC contouring system
- NC machine system
- NC part-programming system
- NC system
- NC tooling system
- NC/TP system
- nesting system
- network computer system
- network switching system
- network system
- noise diagnostic system
- noncircular copy-turning system
- noncompensated system
- noncontact laser marking system
- noncontact microwave system
- nonexpert system
- non-NC system
- numerical computer control system
- numerical contour control system
- numerical control system
- numerically controlled tool point system
- object-oriented system
- office system
- office-based programming system
- off-line adviser-type expert system
- off-line programming system
- off-line system
- off-the-shelf system
- oil mist system
- oil scavenge system
- oil system
- oil wash system
- oil-recirculating system
- oligarchical manufacturing system
- OLP system
- one man/one machine system
- one man-one operation-one job system
- one-machine flexible system
- one-piece tape spar-measuring system
- one-shot lubrication system
- on-line information system
- on-line process system
- on-line retrieval system
- on-line system
- on-line tool control system
- on-machine gaging system
- on-machine probing system
- on-off control system
- open architecture system
- open cooling system
- open system
- open-front system
- open-loop control system
- operating system
- operational system
- operator guidance system
- operator-controlled NC system
- optical detection system
- optical laser ranging system
- optical MAP system
- optical measurement/inspection system
- optical recognition system
- optical system for laser processing
- optical tracer backup system
- optical transmission system
- opti-feed system
- optimal-position control system
- order-driven system
- order-entry system
- order-picking system
- oscillating system
- oscillatory system
- out-feed system
- output collecting system
- overall system
- p.-t.-p. NC system
- package confinement system
- paging system
- pallet conveyor system
- pallet gripper system
- pallet ID system
- pallet storage system
- pallet storage/changer system
- pallet/platen transfer system
- pallet/robot flexible-machining system
- pallet-based materials handling system
- pallet-based system
- pallet-changer system
- pallet-coding system
- pallet-handling system
- palletized tool magazine system
- pallet-loading system
- pallet-moving system
- pallet-shuttle change system
- pallet-transfer system
- pallet-transport system
- paperless NC system
- parallel force system
- parallel lubrication system
- parametric CNC system
- part flow system
- part handling-and-storage system
- part program-editing system
- part queue system
- part-conveying system
- partial laser system
- part-programming system
- part-retrieval system
- passively mode-locked laser system
- path control system of a machine
- path control system
- pattern recognition system
- pattern tracing system
- pattern-directed system
- PC system
- PC-based CAD system
- PC-based vision system
- pendant-mounted CNC system
- perceptual system
- permanent electro system
- personal computer-based robotic vision system
- phase switching control system
- photogrammetric vision system
- photooptic tracing system
- photooptical tracing system
- piece rate system
- plane system of forces
- planner-oriented system
- plant-integration system
- platen system
- platform-independent CAM system
- playback system
- plugboard control system
- plugboard programming system
- point-to-point system
- popular laser system
- position control system
- positioning control system
- postprocess inspection system
- postprocess system
- postprocess-feedback gaging system
- potentiometer-setting system
- power generating system
- power system
- powered clamping system
- powered track system
- powerful robot system
- precision positioning system
- predictive machinability system
- predictive maintenance system
- pre-emptive system
- pregaging system
- preload system
- preset tooling system
- presetting system
- prismatic flexible manufacturing system
- prismatic machining system
- probe communication system
- problem-oriented information system
- process planning system
- process-flexible system
- production control system
- production expert system
- production-monitoring system
- productions system
- product-testing system
- programmable automation system
- programmable control system
- programmable logic control system
- programmable power monitoring system
- programmed sequence control system
- programming system
- proof-of-concept system
- proprietary NC system
- propulsion system
- propulsive system
- protection system
- prototype system
- prototyping system
- pull system of production
- pull system
- punch tape NC system
- purpose-made materials feeding system
- push system
- qualitative system
- quality control system
- quality system
- quantity produced systems
- question-and-answer system
- question-answering system
- queuing system
- quick-change system
- quick-change workpiece-fixturing system
- quick-change-cutter system
- rack system
- rack-picking system
- rail-borne robotic handling system
- rail-guided transport system
- random mission system
- random mix system
- random order system
- ranging system
- readout system
- ready-to-go system
- real-time vision system
- recirculation system
- rectangular coordinate system
- rectangular triordinate system
- reeving system
- reference retrieval system
- reference system
- reflecting high-power beam optical system
- register system
- registration system
- relay ladder logic system
- reporting system
- reprographic system
- resolver system
- restraint system
- RETIC system
- retrieval system
- retrofit system
- return spring system
- RGV pallet delivery system
- rigid track workpiece transport system
- rigid transfer system
- robot control system
- robot gantry storage-and-retrieval system
- robot learning system
- robot parts-handling system
- robot system
- robot teaching system
- robot tool changing system
- robot-based turning system
- robotic system
- robotic vision system
- robotics CAD system
- robotized metalforming system
- robot-like inspection system
- robot-measuring system
- rod memory system
- roller system
- roll-generating system
- rotary transfer system
- rotary-type tool-mounting system
- rotational system
- routing-flexible system
- rule-based expert system
- running fail-safe system
- running system
- run-time system
- safety actuation system
- safety system
- scale back system
- seam tracking laser processing system
- seam-tracking system
- security system
- selective assembly system
- selective control system
- self-adapting system
- self-contained starting system
- self-contained system
- self-monitoring measuring system
- self-optimizing adaptive control system
- self-programming NC system
- self-teaching system
- self-test system
- sensing system
- sensor system
- sensor-based system
- sensory control system
- sensory feedback system
- sensory interactive system
- sensory-processing system
- sentence recognition system
- sequencing control system
- sequential control system
- series lubrication system
- service system
- servo control system
- servo drive system
- servo positioning system
- servo transducer system
- servo-controlled blade-feed-pressure system
- setting system
- SFP system
- shaft system
- shared tools system
- shopfloor communication message system
- shopfloor part-programming system
- shopfloor programming system
- shopfloor-programming control system
- short-closed oil system
- shuttle car system
- shuttle system
- shuttle-type container system
- side-loading pallet system
- sign system
- signature-analysis system
- silhouetting system
- single system
- single-board computer system
- single-cell system
- single-line lubrication system
- single-point lubrication system
- single-stage system
- single-tube system
- single-unit machining system
- single-variable system
- sinking system
- six-station pallet system
- size-monitoring system
- skidless system
- skid-type system
- small knowledge system
- small scale system
- small-batch manufacturing system
- sociotechnical system
- software-based system
- software-operating system
- solid model CAD system
- solid modeling system
- solids-based system
- sonic digitizing system
- space-monitoring sensor system
- special-purpose CNC system
- special-purpose material handling system
- speech-understanding system
- spindle airblast system
- spindle-probe system
- splash lubrication system
- split-type of tooling system
- spray lubrication system
- sprocket-chain system
- stabilization system
- stabilizing system
- stacking system
- stand-alone system
- standard control system
- standard unit system
- starting system
- statistical process control system
- steady-state system
- stepping motor drive system
- stocker system
- stocking system
- stop-bolt locking system
- storage system
- storage-and-retrieval system
- storage-retrieval system
- straight cut control system
- straight-line control system
- stress calculations infinite element system
- structurally stable system
- structurally unstable system
- stub-tooth system
- subloop system
- supervision system
- supervisory computer control system
- supervisory control system
- surface-measurement system
- surveillance system
- suspension system
- swarf conveyance system
- swarf-management system
- swarf-removal system
- switching system
- synthetic vision system
- system of dimensioning
- system of forces
- system of limits and fits
- system of quantities
- system of the machine retaining devices
- system of units
- tactile sensing system
- tailored NC system
- tailor-made system
- tape-oriented system
- target system
- teach system
- teachable-logic control system
- teaching system
- teach-mode programming system
- technology-intensive system
- telecommunication system
- telemetry gage system
- telemetry system
- teleoperated system
- telepresence system
- telerobotic system
- ten-station pallet system
- term system
- test system
- testing system
- text organizing system
- thermal control system
- thermal enclosure system
- thermal propulsion system
- thread measurement system
- thread measuring system
- three-dimensional CAM system
- three-dimensional coordinate system
- three-wire thread measuring system
- through feed system
- through-the-tool system
- time control system
- time cycle system
- time-shared system
- time-sharing NC programming system
- time-sharing system
- tool animation system
- tool breakage prevention system
- tool change system
- tool condition monitoring system
- tool coolant system
- tool deflection calibration system
- tool identification tag system
- tool life control system
- tool life management system
- tool magazine exchanger system
- tool management system
- tool position-compensating system
- tool shank cleaning system
- tool storage and transport system
- tool storage/management system
- tool-associated system
- tool-clamp system
- tool-holder-work system
- tool-ID system
- tooling AGV system
- tooling system
- tool-in-hand system
- tool-in-use system
- tool-machine system
- tool-monitoring system
- tool-mounting system
- tool-presetting system
- tool-probing system
- tool-to-turret connection system
- tool-transfer system
- torque-monitoring system
- total system
- total-loss lubrication system
- touch-probe digitizer system
- touch-probe digitizing system
- touch-probe system
- towline cart system
- towline conveyor system
- towline handling system
- towline material handling system
- towline transfer system
- tracer control system
- tracing system
- track system
- tracking/scheduling system
- track-monitoring system
- transfer system
- translating system
- transmission system
- transporter system
- traverse-metering system
- tray-type transfer system
- triangulation system
- tribomechanical system
- tri-level stocker system
- triordinate system
- trolley control system
- trouble-free control system
- T-slot system
- tuned system
- turning system
- turning-and-chucking system
- turnkey computer control system
- turnkey system
- turret probing system
- turret tooling system
- two-line lubrication system
- two-machine system
- two-pallet exchange system
- two-shift system
- two-tier inspection system
- unattended machining system
- unattended production system
- uncertain system
- unified system
- unit bore system
- unit system
- unit-build system
- unit-load automated storage and retrieval system
- unit-load system
- UNIX-based 32-bit computer system
- unmonitored control system
- unstable system
- user identification system
- user's CAD system
- V coding system
- vacuum system
- variable pallet system
- variable-coefficient system
- variable-gain ACC system
- variable-mission system
- versatile data acquisition system
- vertical carousel system
- vertical rotating warehouse system
- vibration system
- vibratory system
- video measuring system
- video-based measurement system
- viewing system
- virtual design system
- virtual storage system
- vision guidance system
- vision metrology system
- vision optical system
- vision sensor system
- vision system
- vision tool-presetting system
- vision-based inspection system
- vision-based system
- visual computing system
- visual inspection system
- VME-based system
- voice data entry system
- voice system
- voice-input system
- volume-flexible system
- volume-metric lubrication system
- voluntary standards system
- warehousing system
- warning protection system
- warning system
- wash system
- waste material treatment system
- watchdog system
- waterjet system
- way-lubrication system
- wedge-locked tool clamping system
- wheelhead-measuring system
- windowing system
- wire-cut system
- wire-frame CAD system
- wire-guided transport system
- wire-guided trolley routing system
- word recognition system
- work infeed system
- work transfer system
- work transport system
- workhandling system
- work-holding system
- workpiece-cleaning system
- workstation-oriented CNC system
- zero error position systemEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > system
-
9 system
1) система || системный3) вчт операционная система; программа-супервизор5) вчт большая программа6) метод; способ; алгоритм•system halted — "система остановлена" ( экранное сообщение об остановке компьютера при наличии серьёзной ошибки)
- CPsystem- H-system- h-system- hydrogen-air/lead battery hybrid system- Ksystem- Lsystem- L*a*b* system- master/slave computer system- p-system- y-system- Δ-system -
10 APC
1) Компьютерная техника: Application Pointer Cache, Australian Personal Computer2) Авиация: Aircraft Positive Control, (aircraft performance characteristics) ЛТХ (Лётно-технические характеристики)3) Медицина: Argon Plasma Coagulation, вентиляция по давлению, вспомогательная вентиляция по давлению, assisted pressure controlled4) Американизм: Asian Pacific Coalition6) Военный термин: Account Processing Code, Air Priority Committee, Army Pay Corps, Army Petroleum Center, Army Pictorial Center, Army Policy Council, Army postal clerk, Assistant Principal Chaplain, Aviation Performance Center, abbreviated performance characteristics, advanced procurement change, advanced procurement check, aeronautical planning chart, aimpoint correlator, airframe production contract, all-purpose capsule, ammonium perchlorate, area of positive control, armor-piercing capped, armored personnel carrier, aspirin, phenacetin, and caffeine, БТР, бронетранспортёр, БМП7) Техника: Agency project codes, Amplitude Phase Conversion, Assessed program cost, accelerometer pulse converter, acoustical phase constant, acoustical propagation constant, administration and project control, advanced personal computer, agency program coordinator, all-purpose computer, amplitude-phase conversion, analog-to-pressure converter, angular position counter, argon purge cart, auto pallet changer, automatic changer, automatic parity check, automatic pitch control, automatic power compensator8) Математика: прикладное исчисление предикатов (applied predicate calculus)9) Религия: A Perfect Circle10) Юридический термин: Angled Physical Contact, АПК, Арбитражный процессуальный кодекс, профессиональная корпорация (A Professional Corporation (http://www.acronymfinder.com/A-Professional-Corporation-%28APC%29.html))11) Экономика: компания "American Power Conversion"12) Бухгалтерия: Actual Payment Coefficient, Annual Percentage Change, annual percentage rate, Комитет по аудиторской практике в Великобритании (правопреемник Auditing Practices Board - APB)13) Автомобильный термин: automatic performance control14) Ветеринария: All Purpose Canines, Animal Procedures Committee (under the Animals Scientific Procedures Act)15) Грубое выражение: All Pieces Of Crap, All Poop Crap, All Products Crap, American Piece Of Crap, Another Piece Of Crap, Ass Packers Club16) Оптика: automatic power control17) Полиграфия: (Auto Plate Changer) автоматическая смена пластин (функция в печатных машинах)18) Политика: Area Party Conference, Agreement on Partnership and Cooperation (между Россией и Евросоюзом), Соглашение о партнёрстве и сотрудничестве (СПС) (между Россией и Евросоюзом)19) Сокращение: Adaptive Predictive Coding, Aircraft Parts Corp. (USA), All Purpose Container (rolling container to move mail trays at post office, often known as POSTCON), Approach Power Control, Armament Practice Group (UK Royal Air Force), Armour-Piercing, Capped, Armoured Personnel Carrier, Automated Processing Centres, Automatic Phase Control, aerobic plate counts, average propensity to consume20) Университет: Academic Professionals Of California, Academic Program Coordinator, Academic Progress Code21) Физиология: Activated Protein C, Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Atrial Premature Contractions22) Электроника: Advanced Power Calibration, All Pass Crossover, Angled Polished Connector23) Вычислительная техника: automatic paper cutter, American Power Conversion (Hersteller, UPS), Association for Progressive Communications (organization, Netzwerk), фирма APC, asynchronous procedure call24) Микробиология: определение количества аэробных бактерий посевом (aerobic plate counts)25) Кардиология: atrial premature complex (преждевременный предсердный комплекс)26) Иммунология: Antigen Presenting Cells, antigen-presenting cell, антиген-представляющая клетка, антиген-презентирующая клетка, антигенпредставляющая клетка, антигенпрезентирующая клетка27) Стоматология: Autologous Platelet Concentrate28) Токсикология: ОДК, ориентировочно допустимая концентрация, ориентировочно допустимая концентрация, ориентировочно допустимое количество29) Связь: соединитель полированный под углом (Angle Polished Connector), угловой физический контакт (Angled Physical Contact), соединитель с шлифовкой под углом30) Биотехнология: allophycocyanin31) Транспорт: Air Project Coordinator, Automatic Passenger Counter32) Воздухоплавание: Approach Control, Area Position Control, Automatic Pressure Control33) Радиолокация: antenna phase center34) Фирменный знак: Allround Pest Control, American Power Conversion, American Product Company, American Products Company, Amphenol Precision Connectors, Animation Publishing Corporation36) Деловая лексика: All Parts Cut, All Potential Customers, Assessment Of Professional Competence37) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Arctic Pacific Contractors, Arctic Pacific Contractors (Body Shop of Fluor)38) Образование: Activating Potential For Communication, Alternatives Possibilities And Choices39) Сетевые технологии: Automatic Ping Control, American Power Conversion (Corporation)40) Автоматика: automatic pallet changer, automatic production center41) Сахалин Ю: advanced process control42) Химическое оружие: Air pollution control43) Макаров: acoustical plaster ceiling, advanced propulsion comparison study, automatic part changer, autopallet changer44) Безопасность: adaptive predictive coder, analogue pulse count, координатор действий в пункте сбора45) Расширение файла: Printer driver Characters (Lotus 1-2-3)46) Маркетология: (Agency for Protection of Competition) Агентство по защите конкуренции47) Электротехника: average power control48) Высокочастотная электроника: American Personal Communications49) Программное обеспечение: Alternate Php Cache -
11 Apc
1) Компьютерная техника: Application Pointer Cache, Australian Personal Computer2) Авиация: Aircraft Positive Control, (aircraft performance characteristics) ЛТХ (Лётно-технические характеристики)3) Медицина: Argon Plasma Coagulation, вентиляция по давлению, вспомогательная вентиляция по давлению, assisted pressure controlled4) Американизм: Asian Pacific Coalition6) Военный термин: Account Processing Code, Air Priority Committee, Army Pay Corps, Army Petroleum Center, Army Pictorial Center, Army Policy Council, Army postal clerk, Assistant Principal Chaplain, Aviation Performance Center, abbreviated performance characteristics, advanced procurement change, advanced procurement check, aeronautical planning chart, aimpoint correlator, airframe production contract, all-purpose capsule, ammonium perchlorate, area of positive control, armor-piercing capped, armored personnel carrier, aspirin, phenacetin, and caffeine, БТР, бронетранспортёр, БМП7) Техника: Agency project codes, Amplitude Phase Conversion, Assessed program cost, accelerometer pulse converter, acoustical phase constant, acoustical propagation constant, administration and project control, advanced personal computer, agency program coordinator, all-purpose computer, amplitude-phase conversion, analog-to-pressure converter, angular position counter, argon purge cart, auto pallet changer, automatic changer, automatic parity check, automatic pitch control, automatic power compensator8) Математика: прикладное исчисление предикатов (applied predicate calculus)9) Религия: A Perfect Circle10) Юридический термин: Angled Physical Contact, АПК, Арбитражный процессуальный кодекс, профессиональная корпорация (A Professional Corporation (http://www.acronymfinder.com/A-Professional-Corporation-%28APC%29.html))11) Экономика: компания "American Power Conversion"12) Бухгалтерия: Actual Payment Coefficient, Annual Percentage Change, annual percentage rate, Комитет по аудиторской практике в Великобритании (правопреемник Auditing Practices Board - APB)13) Автомобильный термин: automatic performance control14) Ветеринария: All Purpose Canines, Animal Procedures Committee (under the Animals Scientific Procedures Act)15) Грубое выражение: All Pieces Of Crap, All Poop Crap, All Products Crap, American Piece Of Crap, Another Piece Of Crap, Ass Packers Club16) Оптика: automatic power control17) Полиграфия: (Auto Plate Changer) автоматическая смена пластин (функция в печатных машинах)18) Политика: Area Party Conference, Agreement on Partnership and Cooperation (между Россией и Евросоюзом), Соглашение о партнёрстве и сотрудничестве (СПС) (между Россией и Евросоюзом)19) Сокращение: Adaptive Predictive Coding, Aircraft Parts Corp. (USA), All Purpose Container (rolling container to move mail trays at post office, often known as POSTCON), Approach Power Control, Armament Practice Group (UK Royal Air Force), Armour-Piercing, Capped, Armoured Personnel Carrier, Automated Processing Centres, Automatic Phase Control, aerobic plate counts, average propensity to consume20) Университет: Academic Professionals Of California, Academic Program Coordinator, Academic Progress Code21) Физиология: Activated Protein C, Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Atrial Premature Contractions22) Электроника: Advanced Power Calibration, All Pass Crossover, Angled Polished Connector23) Вычислительная техника: automatic paper cutter, American Power Conversion (Hersteller, UPS), Association for Progressive Communications (organization, Netzwerk), фирма APC, asynchronous procedure call24) Микробиология: определение количества аэробных бактерий посевом (aerobic plate counts)25) Кардиология: atrial premature complex (преждевременный предсердный комплекс)26) Иммунология: Antigen Presenting Cells, antigen-presenting cell, антиген-представляющая клетка, антиген-презентирующая клетка, антигенпредставляющая клетка, антигенпрезентирующая клетка27) Стоматология: Autologous Platelet Concentrate28) Токсикология: ОДК, ориентировочно допустимая концентрация, ориентировочно допустимая концентрация, ориентировочно допустимое количество29) Связь: соединитель полированный под углом (Angle Polished Connector), угловой физический контакт (Angled Physical Contact), соединитель с шлифовкой под углом30) Биотехнология: allophycocyanin31) Транспорт: Air Project Coordinator, Automatic Passenger Counter32) Воздухоплавание: Approach Control, Area Position Control, Automatic Pressure Control33) Радиолокация: antenna phase center34) Фирменный знак: Allround Pest Control, American Power Conversion, American Product Company, American Products Company, Amphenol Precision Connectors, Animation Publishing Corporation36) Деловая лексика: All Parts Cut, All Potential Customers, Assessment Of Professional Competence37) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Arctic Pacific Contractors, Arctic Pacific Contractors (Body Shop of Fluor)38) Образование: Activating Potential For Communication, Alternatives Possibilities And Choices39) Сетевые технологии: Automatic Ping Control, American Power Conversion (Corporation)40) Автоматика: automatic pallet changer, automatic production center41) Сахалин Ю: advanced process control42) Химическое оружие: Air pollution control43) Макаров: acoustical plaster ceiling, advanced propulsion comparison study, automatic part changer, autopallet changer44) Безопасность: adaptive predictive coder, analogue pulse count, координатор действий в пункте сбора45) Расширение файла: Printer driver Characters (Lotus 1-2-3)46) Маркетология: (Agency for Protection of Competition) Агентство по защите конкуренции47) Электротехника: average power control48) Высокочастотная электроника: American Personal Communications49) Программное обеспечение: Alternate Php Cache -
12 system
система; устройство; установка; план, расположение; схема system of forces система сил ablative - абляционная система system active thermal control - система активного терморегулирования system additive injection - устройство для введения добавок system air-return - рециркуляционная система воздушного отопления system aisle - система расположения проходов system alarm and special extinguishing - система пожарной сигнализации и специальные средства пожаротушения system alarm (signal) - аварийная сигнализация; система тревожной сигнализации system alerting and call-out - система тревожной сигнализации и вызова (пожарной команды) system alternate wet and dry pipe - водовоздушная (спринклерная) система пожаротушения system analytic - аналитическая система (система определения степени риска при страховании от огня) system arson (pattern) recognition - система опознавания при стереотипных ситуациях поджога system automatic control - автоматическая система управления system automatic foam - автоматическая система пенного пожаротушения system automatic powder - автоматическая система порошкового пожаротушения system automatic sprinkler - автоматическая спринклерная система пожаротушения system auxiliary fire alarm - резервная или дополнительная система пожарной сигнализации system balanced - of ventilation система приточно-вытяжной вентиляции system base injection - система подачи пены под слой горючего system building hydrant - система пожарных кранов в здании system carbon-dioxide - автоматическая система газового пожаротушения system central communications - центральная система связи system combustion - система сжигания топлива; топливное устройство system command and control - система передачи команд и проверки исполнения system compressed-air - пневматическая система system continuous flow - дыхательный аппарат с постоянной подачей кислорода system continuous pressure - дыхательный аппарат с постоянным давлением в маске system control - система управления или регулирования system cooling - система охлаждения system cooling-equipment - система холодильного оборудования system cooling-water - система водяного охлаждения system coordinate - система координат system deicing - противообледенительная система system delivery - система доставки; подающая система (напр. водопровода) system deluge - спринклерная система пожаротушения с терморегулируемым пуском system detection - система обнаружения; система пожарной сигнализации system detection-suppression - система пожарной сигнализации и пожаротушения system detector - система пожарной сигнализации system detector-actuated automatic sprinkler - автоматическая спринклерная система пожаротушения system diluter-demand oxygen - кислородная система типа «легочный автомат» с подсосом воздуха system disaster control - аварийная система управления system distribution - (водо) распределительная система system double-pipe riser - двухтрубная система со стояками водяного отопления system downward - of ventilation система вентиляции с подачей воздуха в верхней зоне и удалением в нижней зоне помещения system draw-in - of ventilation система приточной вентиляции system dry-chemical extinguishing - (автоматическая) система порошкового пожаротушения system dry-pipe - воздушная наполненная, сухотрубная) система system dry sprinkler - воздушная (не-наполненная) спринклерная система system duplex - дуплексная (двойная) система, система с двумя одновременно работающими независимыми каналами system early-warning - система раннего обнаружения (предупреждения) system ejector - эжекторная система system electrical - электрическая система system electronic foam - система пенного пожаротушения с электронным управлением system emergency escape - система аварийного покидания system emergency lighting - система аварийного освещения system exhaust - of ventilation система вытяжной вентиляции system explosion suppression - система взрывозащиты (топливных баков) system extinguishing - система пожаротушения system feed - система подачи или загрузки; устройство подачи; автомат загрузки system fire - пожарная система; система обеспечения пожарной -безопасности system fire-alarm - система пожарной сигнализации system fire-alarm sounding - система звуковой пожарной сигнализации system fire-attack - система пожаротушения system fire data - система обработки данных о пожарах или поиска справочных данных по пожарной охране system fire-detecting (fire-detector) - система пожарной сигнализации system fire drainage - система пожарного дренирования system fire-extinguisher (fire-extinguishing) - система пожаротушения system fire-fighter - система пожарной охраны system fire management - система управления пожаротушением system fire-prevention - пожарно-профилактическая система system fire-protection - система пожарных мероприятий; служба пожарной охраны system fire-protection water - система пожарного водоснабжения system fire safety - система обеспечения пожарной безопасности; пожарная система system fire-sprinkling - пожарная спринклерная система system fire suppression - система тушения пожара system fire-warning - система пожарной сигнализации system fire wire detection - система пожарной сигнализации с линейными пожарными извещателями system fixed dry chemical extinguishing - стационарная система порошкового пожаротушения system fixed fire-attack - стационарная система пожаротушения system fixed steam smothering - стационарная система парового пожаротушения system flood(ing) - система затопления system foam (-extinguishing) (foam firefighter) - система пенного пожаротушения system foaming - пенообразующая система system foam-mixing - система выработки пены system foam-water sprinkler - спринк-лерная система водопенного тушения system forced drainage - принудительная система пожарного дренирования system forest fire - пожарное устройство лесов, комплекс мероприятий и средств пожарной защиты лесов system fuel dispersal - система аварийного слива топлива system gelled water - система тушения загущенной водой system ground sprinkler - спринклерная система пожаротушения с головками в покрытии пола (для подачи струй огнетушаще-го вещества вверх) system hand-hose - рукавная система пожаротушения system hazard information - система идентификация опасных материалов system heat-detection - система пожарной сигнализации с - тепловыми извещателями system heat-exchange - система теплообмена (теплопередачи) system heat(ing) - система отопления или подогрева system heat-protection - система теплозащиты system heat-responsive - система с тепловым извешателем (датчиком) system heat-sink - теплопоглощающая система; водонаполненная система защиты от пожара; водонаполненные строительные конструкции (напр. балки и колонны) system heat-transfer - система теплообмена (теплопередачи) system heterogeneous - гетерогенная -система system high-perfomance thermal protection - система теплоизоляции с высокими характеристиками system high-pressure - система высокого давления system high-temperature fatigue test - установка для испытаний на выносливость при высоких температурах system high-temperature thermal-protection - высокотемпературная защитная система system high-temperature warning - система сигнализации перегрева system homogeneous - гомогенная система system hose - рукавная система (пожаротушения) system hydrant refuel(l)ing - система выдачи топлива через гидранты system hydraulic (power) - гидравлическая система, гидросистема system hydraulic storage - хранение (горючего) в емкостях с водяной подушкой system ignition - система зажигания system impregnation - система пропитки system indirect central heating - пароводяная или водоводяная система центрального отопления system inerting - система флегматиза-ции (инертирования) (в топливном баке) system insulating - изоляционная (изолирующая) система system integrated municipal information - единая муниципальная система информации system ionization (detector) - система пожарной сигнализации с извещателями ионизационного типа system label(l)ing - система знаков (предупреждения об опасности) system life safety - система обеспечения безопасности system light-operated valve osition indicating - система световой индикации положений клапанов system liquid propellant - система жидкого ракетного топлива system local (fire) alarm (signal(l)ing) - местная система пожарной сигнализации; внутренняя (автономная) система пожарной сигнализации system localized - локализованная система; система для отдельного объекта system localized protective - локализованная защитная система; система защиты отдельного объекта system local water - местная система водоснабжения; местный водопровод system loss data - система регистрации ущерба (потерь) от пожаров system manual emergency - система тревожной сигнализации (и тушения) с ручным включением system marking - система маркировки (напр. опасных материалов) system mechanical exhaust - of ventilation искусственная (механическая) вытяжная вентиляция system mechanical ventilation - система искусственной (механической) вентиляции system miscellaneous extinguishing -s смешанные системы пожаротушения system modular airborne fire-fighting - модульная самолетная система пожаротушения (сливанием жидкости в полете) system multicycle sprinkler - спринклерная система циклического действия system multifrequency - многочастотная система system municipal water - система водоснабжения населенного пункта; городской водопровод system mutual aid - система взаимодействия (пожарных частей); правила взаимодействия (при работе на тушении пожара) system national fire data - национальная информационная пожарная система system network - (распределительная) сеть system nonflowing gaseous - s статические газовые системы system occupational safety standards - сборник нормативных актов по обеспечению безопасности в зданиях (помещениях) с пребыванием людей system open-head - сиринклерная система с открытыми головками system overall (protective) - общая система защиты; система защиты комплекса помещений system paint - система краски; система окраски (нанесения покрытия) system passive restraint - пассивная система защиты; комплекс пассивных мер обеспечения безопасности system periodic - периодическая система элементов Менделеева system petroleum pipeline - система (сеть) нефтяных трубопроводов; нефтепровод system pipe - трубопроводная система (сеть); трубопровод system platoon - посменное дежурство или организация службы (пожарной охраны) system pneumatic fire detection - пневматический датчик системы обнаружения пожара system power - энергетическая система; силовая сеть system pre-action - автоматическая спринклерная система с предварительным заполнением труб до вскрытия головок system pressurization - система обеспечения избыточного давления (в помещении, здании, на лестничной клетке) system private fire-suppression - автономная система пожаротушения system process piping - система (сеть) технологических трубопроводов system propellant - система ракетного топлива system proprietary alarm - автономная система пожарной сигнализации system protective - система защиты; защита system protective coating - система защитного покрытия system public address - трансляционная сеть system radio controlled - радиоуправляемая система system range-safety - система обеспечения безопасности на полигоне system rapid water - система введения в пожарный водопровод добавки для уменьшения гидравлических потерь system refurnishable ablative thermal protection - восстанавливаемая абляционная система тепловой защиты system relay - система подачи воды вперекачку (автонасосами) system safety - система аварийной защиты или обеспечения безопасности system semisubmersible - полупогружная система (пенного тушения резервуара) system signal-responsive control - автоматическая сигнальная система с обратной связью system smoke detection - система пожарной сигнализации с дымовыми извещателями system sound - безбатарейный телефон system sprinkler - спринклерная система system standard sprinkler - стандартная спринклерная система system standby power - резервная энергетическая система или силовая сеть system standpipe and hose - пожарный стояк с кранами для рукавных линий system suppression - система тушения (пожара) system suspended maneuvering - подвесная система пожаротушения (на вертолете) system tail dry pipe - система пожаротушения с воздушными концевыми трубопроводами system tail end alternate wet and dry pipe - система пожаротушения с воздушно-водяными концевыми трубопроводами system telegraphic fire alarm - телеграфная система пожарной сигнализации system temperature control (thermal control) - система терморегулирования system thermal-protection - система теплозащиты system thermoregulating - система терморегулирования system three-dimensional - пространственная система system three-phase - трехфазная система system three-wire - трехпроводная система system total flooding - система пожаротушения общим затоплением system traffic signal remote control - дистанционная система управления транспортом на перекрестках (для обеспечения беспрепятственного движения пожарных и полицейских машин) system transportation - система перевозок system two-phase - двухфазная система system two-platoon - организация службы в две смены, двухсменное дежурство (пожарной охраны) system warm air - система воздушного отопления system water - система водоснабжения; водопроводная сеть; водопровод system water deluge - дренчерная система пожаротушения system water-distribution - водораспределительная система system water-spray - система пожаротушения распыленной водой system water-spray cooling - система охлаждения распыленной водой system water-spray fixed - стационарная система пожаротушения распыленной водой system water-spray smoke suppression - система осаждения дыма распыленной водой system wet pipe - водонаполненная спринклерная система -
13 computer
1) компьютер; вычислительная машина; ЭВМ; вычислительное устройство; вычислитель; редк. процессор2) редк. счётная машина (см. тж calculator, machine)•- adaptive computer
- airborne computer
- all-applications computer
- all-purpose computer
- alternating-current analog computer
- analog computer
- analog-digital computer
- arbitrary sequence computer
- associative computer
- asynchronous computer
- automotive computer
- baby-sized computer
- back-end computer
- batch-oriented computer
- battery-operated computer
- binary computer
- binary-transfer computer
- board computer
- boutique computer
- brand-name computer
- breadboard computer
- buffered computer
- business computer
- business-oriented computer
- byte computer
- byte-organized computer
- byte-oriented computer
- cassette-based computer
- census computer
- central computer
- character-oriented computer
- chemical-based computer
- chess computer
- CISC computer
- commercial computer
- commodity computer
- communication computer
- communications oriented computer
- compatible computer
- complete-instruction-set computer
- concurrent computer
- consecutive computer
- consecutive sequence computer
- continuously acting computer
- control computer
- control flow computer
- correlation computer
- coupled computers
- cryogenic computer
- cryotron computer
- custom computer
- database computer
- data-flow computer
- decimal computer
- dedicated computer
- desk computer
- desk-size computer
- desk-top computer
- dialing set computer
- dial set computer
- digital computer
- direct execution computer
- direct-analogy computer
- direct-current computer
- diskless computer
- distributed logic computer
- drum computer
- dual-processor computer
- education computer
- electromechanical analog computer
- electronic tube computer
- electron tube computer
- electronic computer
- end-user computer
- ever-faster computer
- externally programmed computer
- fault-tolerant computer
- fifth-generation computer
- file computer
- first-generation computer
- fixed word-length computer
- fixed-point computer
- fixed-program computer
- flat screen computer
- floating-point computer
- fluid computer
- four-address computer
- fourth-generation computer
- fractional computer
- front-end computer
- gateway computer
- general-purpose computer
- giant computer
- giant-powered computer
- giant-scale computer
- giant-size computer
- gigacycle computer
- gigahertz computer
- guidance computer
- handheld computer
- high-end computer
- high-function computer
- high-level language computer
- high-level computer
- highly parallel computer
- high-performance computer
- high-speed computer
- hobby computer
- home banking computer
- home computer
- host computer
- hybrid computer
- IBM-compatible computer
- IC computer
- incompatible computer
- incremental computer
- industrial computer
- integrated circuit computer
- interface computer
- interim computer
- intermediate computer
- internally programmed computer
- Internet computer
- keyboard computer
- kid computer
- laptop computer
- large computer
- large-powered computer
- large-scale computer
- large-scale integration circuit computer
- large-size computer
- laser computer
- linkage computer
- local computer
- logical computer
- logic computer
- logic-controlled sequential computer
- logic-in-memory computer
- low-end computer
- low-profile computer
- low-speed computer
- LSI computer
- mainframe computer
- massively parallel computer
- master computer
- mechanical computer
- medium computer
- medium-powered computer
- medium-size computer
- medium-speed computer
- medium-to-large scale computer
- mediun-scale computer
- megacycle computer
- megahertz computer
- microprogrammable computer
- microwave computer
- mid-range computer
- molecular computer
- monoprocessor computer
- multiaddress computer
- multi-MIPS computer
- multiple-access computer
- multiple-user computer
- multiprocessor computer
- multiprogrammed computer
- multipurpose computer
- multiradix computer
- navigation computer
- net node computer
- networked computer
- N-node computer
- no-address computer
- node computer
- nonsequential computer
- nonstop computer
- non-von Neumann computer
- notebook computer
- object computer
- office computer
- off-the-shelf computer
- one-address computer
- one-and-half-address computer
- one-on-one computer
- one-purpose computer
- optical computer
- optical path computer
- original computer
- palm-size computer - parallel-processing computer
- parallel-serial computer
- parametric-electronic computer
- parametron computer
- pen-based computer
- pentop computer
- perihperal support computer
- peripheral computer
- personal computer
- pictorial computer
- pipeline computer
- plugboard computer
- plug-compatible computer
- plugged program computer
- pneumatic computer
- pocket computer
- Polish-string computer
- polynomial computer
- portable computer
- process control computer
- production control computer
- professional computer
- professional personal computer
- program-compatible computer
- program-controlled computer
- programmed computer
- punch-card computer
- rack-size computer
- radix two computer
- real-time computer
- recovering computer
- reduced instruction set computer
- reduction computer
- remote computer
- repetitive computer
- RISC computer
- satellite computer
- scientific computer
- second-generation computer
- secondhand computer
- self-adapting computer
- self-organizing computer
- self-programming computer
- self-repairing computer
- self-repair computer
- sensor-based computer
- sequence-controlled computer
- sequenced computer
- sequential computer
- serial computer
- service computer
- service-oriented computer
- SIMD computer
- simultaneous-operation computer
- simultaneous computer
- single-address computer
- single-board computer
- single-purpose computer
- single-user computer
- slave computer
- small computer
- small-powered computer
- small-scale computer
- small-size computer
- soft-compatible computer
- solid-state computer
- SOS computer
- source computer
- space computer
- spaceborne computer
- special-purpose computer
- special computer
- square-root computer
- stack-oriented computer
- standby computer
- statistical computer
- steering computer
- stored-program computer
- subscriber computer
- super computer
- superconductive computer
- superhigh-speed computer
- superpersonal computer
- superspeed computer
- supervisory computer
- switch-control computer
- switching computer
- symbolic computer
- synchronous computer
- synchronous tracking computer
- tagged computer
- talking computer
- target computer
- technical computer
- technical personal computer
- terminal computer
- terminal control computer
- ternary-transfer computer
- tessellated computer
- thermal computer
- thin-film memory computer
- third-generation computer
- three-address computer
- three-dimensional analog computer
- timeshared computer
- top level computer
- top-of-the-line computer
- toy computer
- training computer
- transformation computer
- transistorized computer
- transistor computer
- translating computer
- tridimensional analog computer
- trip computer
- truth-table computer
- Turing-type computer
- two-address computer
- ultrafast computer
- underlying computer
- user computer
- vacuum tube computer
- variable word-length computer
- very-high-speed computer
- video-and-cassette-based computer
- virtual computer
- von Neumann computer
- wearable computer
- weather computer
- wired-program computer
- word-oriented computer
- workgroup computer
- X-computer
- zero-address computerEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > computer
-
14 master station
- телемеханический пункт управления
- пункт управления
- задающая опорная станция
- диспетчерский пункт управления (в SCADA)
- главная станция данных
- главная станция
- ведущая станция
- ведущая опорная наземная передающая станция
ведущая опорная наземная передающая станция
ведущая станция
Опорная наземная передающая станция, по сигналам которой осуществляется синхронизация излучения в системе.
[ ГОСТ 21535-76]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
FR
ведущая станция
Станция, которая синхронизирует весь трафик сети и управляет работой нескольких ведомых (подчиненных) станций. В каждый момент времени в синхронной сети существует только одна ведущая станция, хотя этот статус станции является временным и может изменяться в процессе работы. Ср. slave ~.
[Л.М. Невдяев. Телекоммуникационные технологии. Англо-русский толковый словарь-справочник. Под редакцией Ю.М. Горностаева. Москва, 2002]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
главная станция
Приемо-передающая станция, передатчик которой синхронизируется непосредственного главным генератором, но синхронизация приемного оборудования выполняется, как правило, по принимаемому сигналу (МСЭ-R F.342-2).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
главная станция данных
главная станция
Станция звена данных, имеющая в данный момент право на передачу данных к одной или нескольким зависимым станциям.
Примечание
В любой заданный момент времени в звене данных может быть только одна главная станция.
[ ГОСТ 24402-88]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
диспетчерский пункт управления
диспетчерский пункт
ДП
главный терминал
-
[Интент]Master Terminal Unit (MTU), Master Station (MS) диспетчерский пункт управления (главный терминал); осуществляет обработку данных и управление высокого уровня, как правило, в режиме мягкого (квази-) реального времени; одна из основных функций обеспечение интерфейса между человеком-оператором и системой (HMI, MMI). В зависимости от конкретной системы MTU может быть реализован в самом разнообразном виде от одиночного компьютера с дополнительными устройствами подключения к каналам связи до больших вычислительных систем (мэйнфреймов) и/или объединенных в локальную сеть рабочих станций и серверов. Как правило, и при построении MTU используются различные методы повышения надежности и безопасности работы системы.
Рис. 2. Основные структурные компоненты SCADA-системыГлавной тенденцией развития MTU (диспетчерских пунктов управления) является переход большинства разработчиков SCADA-систем на архитектуру клиент-сервер, состоящую из 4-х функциональных компонентов.
1. User (Operator) Interface (интерфейс пользователя/оператора) исключительно важная составляющая систем SCADA. Для нее характерны
а) стандартизация интерфейса пользователя вокруг нескольких платформ;
б) все более возрастающее влияние Windows NT;
в) использование стандартного графического интерфейса пользователя (GUI);
г) технологии объектно-ориентированного программирования: DDE, OLE, Active X, OPC (OLE for Process Control), DCOM;
д) стандартные средства разработки приложений, наиболее популярные среди которых, Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), Visual C++;
е) появление коммерческих вариантов программного обеспечения класса SCADA/MMI для широкого спектра задач. Объектная независимость позволяет интерфейсу пользователя представлять виртуальные объекты, созданные другими системами. Результат расширение возможностей по оптимизации HMI-интерфейса.
2. Data Management (управление данными) - отход от узкоспециализированных баз данных в сторону поддержки большинства корпоративных реляционных баз данных (Microsoft SQL, Oracle). Функции управления данными и генерации отчетов осуществляются стандартными средствами SQL, 4GL; эта независимость данных изолирует функции доступа и управления данными от целевых задач SCADA, что позволяет легко разрабатывать дополнительные приложения по анализу и управлению данными.
3. Networking & Services (сети и службы) - переход к использованию стандартных сетевых технологий и протоколов. Службы сетевого управления, защиты и управления доступом, мониторинга транзакций, передачи почтовых сообщений, сканирования доступных ресурсов (процессов) могут выполняться независимо от кода целевой программы SCADA, разработанной другим вендором.
4. Real-Time Services (службы реального времени) - освобождение MTU от нагрузки перечисленных выше компонентов дает возможность сконцентрироваться на требованиях производительности для задач реального и квази-реального времени. Данные службы представляют собой быстродействующие процессоры, которые управляют обменом информацией с RTU и SCADA-процессами, осуществляют управление резидентной частью базы данных, оповещение о событиях, выполняют действия по управлению системой, передачу информации о событиях на интерфейс пользователя (оператора).
[ http://www.mka.ru/?p=41524]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
задающая опорная станция
—
[ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]Тематики
EN
пункт управления
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
телемеханический пункт управления
ПУ
Пункт, с которого осуществляется управление объектами контролируемых телемеханических пунктов и контроль их состояния.
[ ГОСТ 26.005-82]Тематики
- телемеханика, телеметрия
Синонимы
- ПУ
EN
DE
FR
20. Телемеханический пункт управления
ПУ
D. Steuerungsstelle; Warte
E. Master station
F. Poste maître; Poste de conduite
Пункт, с которого осуществляется управление объектами контролируемых телемеханических пунктов и контроль их состояния
Источник: ГОСТ 26.005-82: Телемеханика. Термины и определения оригинал документа
Главная станция
Master station
Станция звена данных, имеющая в данный момент право на передачу данных к одной или нескольким зависимым станциям.
Примечание. В любой заданный момент времени в звене данных может быть только одна главная станция
Источник: ГОСТ 24402-88: Телеобработка данных и вычислительные сети. Термины и определения оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > master station
-
15 MS
- хранилище сообщений
- система мобильной связи
- сигнал обслуживания
- сепаратор влаги
- секция мультиплексирования
- ручное переключение сигнала нормального трафика
- рукопись
- расплав соли
- послание
- подвижная станция
- нормально отключённый выключатель
- наибольшее напряжение
- молярное замещение
- многократное рассеяние
- многоадресный контроль выборочных значений (функциональная связь)
- миллисекунда
- микросекунда
- микроволновый спутник
- метрическая система
- масса пара
- масс-спектрометрия
- малоуглеродистая сталь
- максимальная надёжность
- максимальная безопасность
- магнитостатический
- магнитное запоминающее устройство
- магистр наук
- корпорация Microsoft
- диспетчерский пункт управления (в SCADA)
- выключатель электропитания
- американская корпорация, крупнейший в мире производитель программного обеспечения (Майкрософт)
американская корпорация, крупнейший в мире производитель программного обеспечения (Майкрософт)
MC
—
[[http://www.rfcmd.ru/glossword/1.8/index.php?a=index&d=23]]Тематики
Синонимы
- MC
EN
выключатель электропитания
выключатель питания
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]
выключатель электропитания
выключатель питания
-
[Интент]См. также аппарат отключения питания
АСУ электротехнических систем должна обеспечивать реализацию следующих функций:
- синхронизацию генераторов;
- управление выключателями главной электрической схемы электростанции, выключателями питания собственных нужд, в том числе аварийными дизель- генераторами;
[ВРД 39-1.10-071-2003 ]Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
- электробезопасность
Обобщающие термины
Синонимы
EN
диспетчерский пункт управления
диспетчерский пункт
ДП
главный терминал
-
[Интент]Master Terminal Unit (MTU), Master Station (MS) диспетчерский пункт управления (главный терминал); осуществляет обработку данных и управление высокого уровня, как правило, в режиме мягкого (квази-) реального времени; одна из основных функций обеспечение интерфейса между человеком-оператором и системой (HMI, MMI). В зависимости от конкретной системы MTU может быть реализован в самом разнообразном виде от одиночного компьютера с дополнительными устройствами подключения к каналам связи до больших вычислительных систем (мэйнфреймов) и/или объединенных в локальную сеть рабочих станций и серверов. Как правило, и при построении MTU используются различные методы повышения надежности и безопасности работы системы.
Рис. 2. Основные структурные компоненты SCADA-системыГлавной тенденцией развития MTU (диспетчерских пунктов управления) является переход большинства разработчиков SCADA-систем на архитектуру клиент-сервер, состоящую из 4-х функциональных компонентов.
1. User (Operator) Interface (интерфейс пользователя/оператора) исключительно важная составляющая систем SCADA. Для нее характерны
а) стандартизация интерфейса пользователя вокруг нескольких платформ;
б) все более возрастающее влияние Windows NT;
в) использование стандартного графического интерфейса пользователя (GUI);
г) технологии объектно-ориентированного программирования: DDE, OLE, Active X, OPC (OLE for Process Control), DCOM;
д) стандартные средства разработки приложений, наиболее популярные среди которых, Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), Visual C++;
е) появление коммерческих вариантов программного обеспечения класса SCADA/MMI для широкого спектра задач. Объектная независимость позволяет интерфейсу пользователя представлять виртуальные объекты, созданные другими системами. Результат расширение возможностей по оптимизации HMI-интерфейса.
2. Data Management (управление данными) - отход от узкоспециализированных баз данных в сторону поддержки большинства корпоративных реляционных баз данных (Microsoft SQL, Oracle). Функции управления данными и генерации отчетов осуществляются стандартными средствами SQL, 4GL; эта независимость данных изолирует функции доступа и управления данными от целевых задач SCADA, что позволяет легко разрабатывать дополнительные приложения по анализу и управлению данными.
3. Networking & Services (сети и службы) - переход к использованию стандартных сетевых технологий и протоколов. Службы сетевого управления, защиты и управления доступом, мониторинга транзакций, передачи почтовых сообщений, сканирования доступных ресурсов (процессов) могут выполняться независимо от кода целевой программы SCADA, разработанной другим вендором.
4. Real-Time Services (службы реального времени) - освобождение MTU от нагрузки перечисленных выше компонентов дает возможность сконцентрироваться на требованиях производительности для задач реального и квази-реального времени. Данные службы представляют собой быстродействующие процессоры, которые управляют обменом информацией с RTU и SCADA-процессами, осуществляют управление резидентной частью базы данных, оповещение о событиях, выполняют действия по управлению системой, передачу информации о событиях на интерфейс пользователя (оператора).
[ http://www.mka.ru/?p=41524]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
корпорация Microsoft
Основана 5 сентября 1975г. Биллом Гейтсом (Bill Gates) и Полом Аленом (Paul Allen).
[ http://www.morepc.ru/dict/]Тематики
EN
магнитное запоминающее устройство
—
[Е.С.Алексеев, А.А.Мячев. Англо-русский толковый словарь по системотехнике ЭВМ. Москва 1993]Тематики
EN
магнитостатический
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
максимальная безопасность
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
максимальная надёжность
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
масс-спектрометрия
(по распределению масс на фиксированном детекторе)
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
микроволновый спутник
(J.116).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
микросекунда
мксек
10-6 секунд - 1 миллионная доля секунды.
[ http://www.lexikon.ru/dict/net/index.html]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
многоадресный контроль выборочных значений (функциональная связь)
—
[ ГОСТ Р 54325-2011 (IEC/TS 61850-2:2003)]]Тематики
EN
нормально отключённый выключатель
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999]Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
подвижная станция
Станция подвижной службы, предназначенная для работы во время движения или во время остановок в неопределенных пунктах (Регламент радиосвязи Ст.1, п. 11.67).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
послание
(напр. бюджетное в США)
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
расплав соли
(напр. для ядерного реактора)
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
ручное переключение сигнала нормального трафика
(МСЭ-Т G.808.1).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
секция мультиплексирования
Трасса между двумя включенными функциями трассы окончания участка мультиплексирования (МСЭ-T G.803, МСЭ-Т G.798).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
сигнал обслуживания
(МСЭ-T G.709/ Y.1331).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
система мобильной связи
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]Тематики
EN
хранилище сообщений
(МСЭ-Т Х.440, МСЭ-Т F.400/ Х.400).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > MS
-
16 MTU
- терминал измерительных приборов
- оконечный блок технического обслуживания
- максимальный размер транспортного блока
- максимальный размер передаваемого блока данных
- максимальный размер передаваемого блока
- максимальный передаваемый модуль данных
- максимальный передаваемый блок
- диспетчерский пункт управления (в SCADA)
- блок магнитной ленты
блок магнитной ленты
—
[Е.С.Алексеев, А.А.Мячев. Англо-русский толковый словарь по системотехнике ЭВМ. Москва 1993]Тематики
EN
диспетчерский пункт управления
диспетчерский пункт
ДП
главный терминал
-
[Интент]Master Terminal Unit (MTU), Master Station (MS) диспетчерский пункт управления (главный терминал); осуществляет обработку данных и управление высокого уровня, как правило, в режиме мягкого (квази-) реального времени; одна из основных функций обеспечение интерфейса между человеком-оператором и системой (HMI, MMI). В зависимости от конкретной системы MTU может быть реализован в самом разнообразном виде от одиночного компьютера с дополнительными устройствами подключения к каналам связи до больших вычислительных систем (мэйнфреймов) и/или объединенных в локальную сеть рабочих станций и серверов. Как правило, и при построении MTU используются различные методы повышения надежности и безопасности работы системы.
Рис. 2. Основные структурные компоненты SCADA-системыГлавной тенденцией развития MTU (диспетчерских пунктов управления) является переход большинства разработчиков SCADA-систем на архитектуру клиент-сервер, состоящую из 4-х функциональных компонентов.
1. User (Operator) Interface (интерфейс пользователя/оператора) исключительно важная составляющая систем SCADA. Для нее характерны
а) стандартизация интерфейса пользователя вокруг нескольких платформ;
б) все более возрастающее влияние Windows NT;
в) использование стандартного графического интерфейса пользователя (GUI);
г) технологии объектно-ориентированного программирования: DDE, OLE, Active X, OPC (OLE for Process Control), DCOM;
д) стандартные средства разработки приложений, наиболее популярные среди которых, Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), Visual C++;
е) появление коммерческих вариантов программного обеспечения класса SCADA/MMI для широкого спектра задач. Объектная независимость позволяет интерфейсу пользователя представлять виртуальные объекты, созданные другими системами. Результат расширение возможностей по оптимизации HMI-интерфейса.
2. Data Management (управление данными) - отход от узкоспециализированных баз данных в сторону поддержки большинства корпоративных реляционных баз данных (Microsoft SQL, Oracle). Функции управления данными и генерации отчетов осуществляются стандартными средствами SQL, 4GL; эта независимость данных изолирует функции доступа и управления данными от целевых задач SCADA, что позволяет легко разрабатывать дополнительные приложения по анализу и управлению данными.
3. Networking & Services (сети и службы) - переход к использованию стандартных сетевых технологий и протоколов. Службы сетевого управления, защиты и управления доступом, мониторинга транзакций, передачи почтовых сообщений, сканирования доступных ресурсов (процессов) могут выполняться независимо от кода целевой программы SCADA, разработанной другим вендором.
4. Real-Time Services (службы реального времени) - освобождение MTU от нагрузки перечисленных выше компонентов дает возможность сконцентрироваться на требованиях производительности для задач реального и квази-реального времени. Данные службы представляют собой быстродействующие процессоры, которые управляют обменом информацией с RTU и SCADA-процессами, осуществляют управление резидентной частью базы данных, оповещение о событиях, выполняют действия по управлению системой, передачу информации о событиях на интерфейс пользователя (оператора).
[ http://www.mka.ru/?p=41524]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
максимальный передаваемый блок
Наибольший блок данных, который может быть передан через данную физическую среду с использованием данного протокола.
[ http://www.lexikon.ru/dict/net/index.html]Тематики
EN
максимальный передаваемый модуль данных
Максимально возможный модуль данных, который можно передать через данную физическую среду. Пример: MTU для Ethernet составляет 1500 байт. См. также fragmentation.
[ http://www.lexikon.ru/dict/net/index.html]Тематики
EN
максимальный размер передаваемого блока
Максимальный размер области полезной нагрузки GFP в октетах (МСЭ-T G.7041/ Y.1303).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
максимальный размер передаваемого блока данных
Максимально возможный модуль данных, который можно передать через данную физическую среду. Пример: MTU для Ethernet составляет 1500 байт. См. также fragmentation.
[ http://www.morepc.ru/dict/]Тематики
EN
максимальный размер транспортного блока
(МСЭ-Т Y.1415).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
оконечный блок технического обслуживания
(МСЭ-Т G.991.2).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
терминал измерительных приборов
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > MTU
-
17 master terminal unit
диспетчерский пункт управления
диспетчерский пункт
ДП
главный терминал
-
[Интент]Master Terminal Unit (MTU), Master Station (MS) диспетчерский пункт управления (главный терминал); осуществляет обработку данных и управление высокого уровня, как правило, в режиме мягкого (квази-) реального времени; одна из основных функций обеспечение интерфейса между человеком-оператором и системой (HMI, MMI). В зависимости от конкретной системы MTU может быть реализован в самом разнообразном виде от одиночного компьютера с дополнительными устройствами подключения к каналам связи до больших вычислительных систем (мэйнфреймов) и/или объединенных в локальную сеть рабочих станций и серверов. Как правило, и при построении MTU используются различные методы повышения надежности и безопасности работы системы.
Рис. 2. Основные структурные компоненты SCADA-системыГлавной тенденцией развития MTU (диспетчерских пунктов управления) является переход большинства разработчиков SCADA-систем на архитектуру клиент-сервер, состоящую из 4-х функциональных компонентов.
1. User (Operator) Interface (интерфейс пользователя/оператора) исключительно важная составляющая систем SCADA. Для нее характерны
а) стандартизация интерфейса пользователя вокруг нескольких платформ;
б) все более возрастающее влияние Windows NT;
в) использование стандартного графического интерфейса пользователя (GUI);
г) технологии объектно-ориентированного программирования: DDE, OLE, Active X, OPC (OLE for Process Control), DCOM;
д) стандартные средства разработки приложений, наиболее популярные среди которых, Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), Visual C++;
е) появление коммерческих вариантов программного обеспечения класса SCADA/MMI для широкого спектра задач. Объектная независимость позволяет интерфейсу пользователя представлять виртуальные объекты, созданные другими системами. Результат расширение возможностей по оптимизации HMI-интерфейса.
2. Data Management (управление данными) - отход от узкоспециализированных баз данных в сторону поддержки большинства корпоративных реляционных баз данных (Microsoft SQL, Oracle). Функции управления данными и генерации отчетов осуществляются стандартными средствами SQL, 4GL; эта независимость данных изолирует функции доступа и управления данными от целевых задач SCADA, что позволяет легко разрабатывать дополнительные приложения по анализу и управлению данными.
3. Networking & Services (сети и службы) - переход к использованию стандартных сетевых технологий и протоколов. Службы сетевого управления, защиты и управления доступом, мониторинга транзакций, передачи почтовых сообщений, сканирования доступных ресурсов (процессов) могут выполняться независимо от кода целевой программы SCADA, разработанной другим вендором.
4. Real-Time Services (службы реального времени) - освобождение MTU от нагрузки перечисленных выше компонентов дает возможность сконцентрироваться на требованиях производительности для задач реального и квази-реального времени. Данные службы представляют собой быстродействующие процессоры, которые управляют обменом информацией с RTU и SCADA-процессами, осуществляют управление резидентной частью базы данных, оповещение о событиях, выполняют действия по управлению системой, передачу информации о событиях на интерфейс пользователя (оператора).
[ http://www.mka.ru/?p=41524]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > master terminal unit
-
18 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
19 ACP
1) Общая лексика: страны Африки, Карибского бассейна и тихоокеанского региона2) Компьютерная техника: Administration Control Panel3) Авиация: area call panel, attendent control panel, audio control panel, рейтинг процедурного контроля района4) Медицина: acyl transported protein, anodal closing picture ( сокр.) (картина при анодном замыкании)5) Американизм: Advance Care Planning6) Военный термин: African, Caribbean, and Pacific, Airspace Control Plan, Allied Communication Publication, Allied Communications Pamphlet, Allied Communications Protocol, Allied Communications Publication, Allied Communications Publications, Area Coordination Paper, Army Capabilities Plan, Assault CP, Asset Capitalization Program, Auto Colt Pistol, Automated Command Post, Automatic Cartridge Pistol, acceptance checkout procedure, acoustic communications program, adaptive control process, advanced command post, advanced computation processor, air control point, air coordination point, airborne command post, aircraft communications procedures, airdrome control point, airlift command post, airspace coordination point, alternate command post, ammunition control point, analytical computer program, area command post, area concepts paper, area coordinating paper, armament control panel, armored car, personnel, asphaltic concrete pavement, atmospheric contaminational potential, augmented command post, automatic Colt pistol, auxiliary check point, auxiliary command post, auxiliary control point7) Техника: advanced computational processor, aerospace computer program, aircraft communications procedure, alignment control panel, analyzer control processor, astronaut control panel, attack center panel, attitude control program, audio center equipment, auxiliary control panel, azimuth change pulses8) Сельское хозяйство: Agricultural Conservation Program9) Шутливое выражение: Ass Clown Posse10) Метеорология: Atmospheric Chemistry Program11) Бухгалтерия: Activities Channels And Pools, Annual Compensation Payment, Anticipated Cash Provider, Average Conditional Probability, Average Contribution Percentage12) Автомобильный термин: air conditioning pressure signal13) Ветеринария: Association of Circus Proprietors14) Оптика: acquisition control processor15) Сокращение: Access Control Protocol, African / Caribbean / Pacific (NATO), African, Caribbean and Pacific Associates, Airfield Clearance Plough (UK), Allied Communications Procedures / Publication (NATO), Altimeter Check Point, American College of Physicians, Automated Communications Processor, Ancillary Control Process, Associated Collegiate Press («Объединённая университетская пресса» (организация преподавателей журналистики в американских высших учебных заведениях)), Associated Church Press (Объединение издателей церковной периодической прессы (США)), Animal Care Panel (Объединение специалистов по разведению, уходу и использованию в лабораториях подопытных животных (США)), Automobile Club of Portugal (Португальский автомобильный клуб), assistant commissioner of police (помощник комиссара полиции, сокращение принято в Индии), Anti-Concorde Project (проект «Анти-Конкорд»), Ancillary Control Program16) Университет: Applied Communication Program17) Физиология: Acid Phosphatase, Acyl Carrier Protein18) Электроника: Azimuth Charge Pulse19) Вычислительная техника: Auxillary Control Process, вспомогательный управляющий процессор, Active Configuration Profile (MODEM), african, Caribbean and pacific (countries), African, Caribbean and pacific [countries]20) Нефть: Area Contingency Plan, ancillary control processor21) Иммунология: alternative complement pathway22) Стоматология: amorphous calcium phosphate23) Воздухоплавание: Azimuth Change Pulse24) Деловая лексика: African Caribbean and Pacific States25) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: зональная программа действий в аварийных ситуациях26) Нефтепромысловый: затрубный химический пакер (annular chemical packer)27) Программирование: Ansi Code Page28) Химическое оружие: Army Cost Position, Army Cost Proposal, automatic crash protection29) Военно-морской флот: attack center panel( сокр.) (приборная панель в главном командном пункте (корабля); подв приборная панель поста атаки)30) Расширение файла: Auxiliary Control Process, Compressed file archive (ACB), Assistant preview file (Ms Office)31) Нефть и газ: annular chemical packer, ЗХП, затрубный химический пакер32) Высокочастотная электроника: adjacent-channel power33) Должность: Associated Computer Professional34) NYSE. American Real Estate Partners35) Единицы измерений: Average Contribution Percent -
20 PAC
1) Общая лексика: pre-authorization completion, плазменная дуговая резка ( РАС) – процесс дуговой резки, который использует сжатую дугу и снимает расплавленный металл с высокоскоростной струёй ионизированного газа, выходящей из ограничительного сопла (plasma arc cutting), программируемый контроллер автоматизации (AD), Porting Authorisation Code (e.g. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting_Authorisation_Code)2) Компьютерная техника: Physically Addressed Cache3) Медицина: pulmonary artery catheter4) Американизм: Political Action Committee, Politically Active Constituency, Public Affairs Committee5) Военный термин: Pacific, Pacific, Pacific Air Command, Patriot Advanced Capability, Personnel and Administration Center, Project Advisory Committee, panoramic air camera, performance analysis and control, personal analog computer, personnel and administration center, portable artillery computer, preaction calibration, primary address code, problem action center, program advisory committee, program advisory council, project analysis and control, public affairs committee6) Техника: packet assembly/disassembly, partitioned adaptive control, passive acoustic center, planning advisory committee, planning, analysis and control, process automation computer, program acquisition costs, protection auxiliary cabinet, public affairs coordinator, ПКА, Программируемый Контроллер Автоматизации7) Шутливое выражение: Premier Athletic Conference, Pretty Awful Comedy8) Химия: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, ПАУ (порошковый/порошкообразный активированный уголь - powdered activated coal), polycyclic aromatic compounds9) Строительство: provisional acceptance certificate (акт предварительной приемки работ)10) Религия: PARK Avenue CHRISTIAN, Prayer At Crossroads11) Метеорология: Potentiometric Analysis Collection12) Юридический термин: Prison Action Committee13) Бухгалтерия: Pre- Authorized Check14) Ветеринария: Pet Advisory Committee (formerly JACOPIS)15) Кино: Parental Advisory Committee16) Оптика: paraxial/axial color17) Политика: Панафриканский союз (сокр. от Pan-African Council), комитет политических действий (сокр. от political action committee)18) Сокращение: P1 Artificial Chromosome, PATRIOT ATM Capability, PATRIOT Advanced Capability, Pacific Aerospace Corp (Ltd (New Zealand)), Pacific Region, Pakistan Aeronautical Complex, Pan-African Congress (South Africa), Patient Airlift Centre, Penetration Aid Carrier, Privilege Attribute Certificates, Programmable Armament Control, Protection Against Aircraft, Put and Call Options (PAC straddle), Planning Advisory Committee, Planning Analysis and Control, Programmer Access Code, Parent, Adult, Child (The three alter-ego states defined in Eric Berne's theory of Transactional Analysis.)19) Университет: Preparatory Accelerated Course20) Физика: paraxial/axial color21) Физиология: Premature Atrial Contraction22) Электроника: Perceptual Audio Coder, Predictive Application Control23) Вычислительная техника: PCI AGP Controller, Privilege Attribute Certificate (DCE), PCI AGP Controller (Intel, IC, PCI, AGP), Proxy Auto-Config (WWW, Mozilla)24) Нефть: polyanionic cellulose25) Иммунология: Personal Access Code26) Онкология: Partners Against Cancer27) Космонавтика: Programme Activity Centre (UNEP)28) Банковское дело: двойной опцион (put and call), спрэд (put and call), стрэдл (put and call)29) Биотехнология: phosphoramidate chemistry30) Транспорт: Pacific Region31) Пищевая промышленность: (Powdered activated carbon) порошкообразный активированный уголь32) Экология: polyaluminium chloride, powdered activated carbon, порошковый активированный уголь (powdered activated coal - сокр. ПАУ)33) Сварка: Plasma Arc Cutting34) СМИ: Public Access Channel35) Деловая лексика: Planning And Coordination, Project Area Committee36) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Project automation coordination, полианионная целлюлоза37) Образование: Parent Advisory Committee, Parent Advisory Council, Parents Advisory Council, Passion Adventure And Camaraderie, Positive Action Center, Pro Active Chair, Public Advocacy Coalition38) Инвестиции: put and call39) Сетевые технологии: Presentation Abstraction Control, Proxy Auto Configuration, Public Access Catalog, канал доступа к файлу, Protected Access Credential (в сетях WLAN)40) Полимеры: perishable agricultural commodities41) Автоматика: production activity control42) Сахалин Ю: project advisory committee, project automation coordinator43) Химическое оружие: Political action committee44) Макаров: полиалкиленкарбонаты45) Расширение файла: Package Assembly Circuit, Bitmap graphics (Atari STAD Image), SBStudio II Package or Song (SBStudio II)46) Нефть и газ: poly anionic cellulose, poly-anionic cellulose, polyanionic cellulose47) Международные отношения: Pan African Congress48) НАСА: Principal Advisory Committee49) Программное обеспечение: Process Algebra Compiler
См. также в других словарях:
Active noise control — (ANC) (also known as noise cancellation, active noise reduction (ANR) or antinoise) is a method for reducing unwanted sound. Contents 1 Explanation 2 Applications 3 See also 4 … Wikipedia
Active vibration control — is the active application of force in an equal and opposite fashion to the forces imposed by external vibration. With this application, a precision industrial process can be maintained on a platform essentially vibration free.Many precision… … Wikipedia
Process (computing) — In computing, a process is an instance of a computer program that is being executed. It contains the program code and its current activity. Depending on the operating system (OS), a process may be made up of multiple threads of execution that… … Wikipedia
Control theory — For control theory in psychology and sociology, see control theory (sociology) and Perceptual Control Theory. The concept of the feedback loop to control the dynamic behavior of the system: this is negative feedback, because the sensed value is… … Wikipedia
Process management (computing) — Operating systems … Wikipedia
control system — All of the components required for the automatic control of a process variable. See active noise control system anti spin regulation traction control system engine control system evaporation control system evaporative emission control system… … Dictionary of automotive terms
Active Directory — (AD) is a directory service created by Microsoft for Windows domain networks. It is included in most Windows Server operating systems. Server computers on which Active Directory is running are called domain controllers. Active Directory serves as … Wikipedia
CONTROL-M — is batch scheduling software produced by BMC Software, originally written for mainframes but also available for distributed computing platforms including Unix, Windows, Linux and OpenVMS environments. BMC Software claims that CONTROL M is the… … Wikipedia
Active Denial System — Humvee with ADS mounted The Active Denial System (ADS) is a non lethal, directed energy weapon developed by the U.S. military.[1] It is a strong millimeter wave transmitter primarily used for crowd control (the goodbye effect [ … Wikipedia
Process calculus — In computer science, the process calculi (or process algebras) are a diverse family of related approaches to formally modelling concurrent systems. Process calculi provide a tool for the high level description of interactions, communications, and … Wikipedia
Active structure — An active structure (also known as a smart or adaptive structure) is a mechanical structure with the ability to alter its configuration, form or properties in response to changes in the environment.The term active structure also refers to… … Wikipedia